The critical state and transformation of Confucius Institutes around the world

Abstract

The article examines the criticism and accusations directed at Confucius Institutes worldwide and their transformation over time. In addition to identifying the main reasons why Confucius Institutes have come under threat, the study explores the measures taken by the Chinese government to address this challenging situation. The author seeks to identify the key causes and consequences of the issue by analyzing the policies of various states toward Confucius Institutes. In this context, the transformation of China’s “soft power” policy is also examined.

The article analyzes the policy of the People’s Republic of China in the countries of Central Asia and its outcomes, and offers a number of recommendations. The study provides a detailed examination of concerns related to Confucius Institutes from the perspectives of academic freedom and national security, and evaluates the process of their reform as a rebranding effort. The author highlights institutional changes at the new stage of China’s humanitarian diplomacy, including mechanisms for shifting governance toward non-governmental structures.

Particular attention is paid to the geopolitical implications of cultural and educational projects in the Central Asian region and their impact on local public opinion. Based on this analysis, the study formulates conclusions that take into account regional specificities. The article offers informational and analytical value for specialists in international relations and Chinese studies.