Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series.

The influence of meteonyms on the development of paremic semantics

N.V. Milovanova, М.K. Yeskeyeva — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Since hyman cognition of the environment is based on the peculiarities of their perception of natural phenomena, meteorological vovabulary in the language belongs to the most ancient lexical layer. Meteonyms possess deep ethnocultural content and are often a component of proverbs. Meteonyms in proverbs, which provide a lot of information about the worldview and culture of each nation, have a high potential for transforming the paremic meaning. The article examines the semantic nature of paremiological parallels, which contain meteonyms, in the languages of the Kypchak, Oghuz, Karluk and Bulgar groups of Turkic languages. The function of meteonyms in the formation and development of paremic meaning is analyzed and the direct influence on the change in the meaning of proverbs is determined. The continuity of three levels in the semantic structure of proverbs containing meteonyms, that is the literal meaning of the syntactic structure, the factual meaning of the paremia determined on a logical basis, the situational or pragmatic-functional meaning used in different life situations, is considered on the basis of an analysis of the semantic field of meteorological vocabulary.

Proverbs and Sayings in the Armenian-Kypchak Language: Semantic-Structural Analysis

A. Serikkazykyzy, R.A. Avakova — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study of proverbs and sayings in the Armenian-Kypchak language in comparison with current proverbs and sayings of the Turkic peoples is one of the most important and relevant topics in linguistics and the history of language. This article focuses on the scientific works of scholars who studied proverbs and sayings in the Armenian-Kypchak language and on works and research articles of a German scholar, Merxs Adalbert. Additionally, the methods of formation of proverbs and sayings used in the Armenian-Kypchak language will be determined and analyzed, comparing them with proverbs and sayings in the modern Kazakh language. Proverbs and sayings are a unique genre of expressive art of speech that conveys the centuries-old national identity and knowledge of any nation. Proverbs and idioms found in the Armenian-Kypchak language are one of the linguistic and cultural heritage, reflecting the depth and wisdom of the centuries-old history and culture of the Turkic peoples. A large number of proverbs and sayings of significant educational value in these written monuments proves that our ancestors, the Kypchaks, were wise, broad-minded, and educated. It is no coincidence that the vast majority of proverbs and sayings written in the Armenian-Kypchak language are still used in the same form. It symbolizes the deep-rooted culture of the Kazakh people.

Ancient Turkic toponyms of the Mangystau region

Zh.O. Artykbayev, B.I. Nurdauletova — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

To systematically gather information about the history, language, customs, traditions, and religious beliefs of the tribes and peoples that inhabited the Mangystau region in different periods, it is crucial to analyze changes in the Mangystau topo-area across various historical eras. In this context, the information on Mangystau's toponyms, presented in ancient written documents, research works, old maps, as well as in the records of Russian expeditions of the 18th-19th centuries, plays an important role. Comparing data from historical written documents, diaries, reports, and maps allows for the completion of missing information and the reconstruction of Mangystau's topographic features.

Special attention is given to analyzing toponymic information preserved in the memory of the indigenous inhabitants of Mangystau and to re-evaluating the accumulated knowledge about place names and water bodies. In the current global ecological situation, where fluctuations in the level of the Caspian Sea – its periodic rises and falls – lead to the emergence and disappearance of islands, peninsulas, and bays, studying their names as recorded on various maps becomes a key focus of this research.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the origins of the ancient Caspian coastal toponym, Aǵys Ada, examining its connection to the language of the ancient Turkic tribes that inhabited the area. We believe that studying the names of islands, bays, and peninsulas, as well as the changes in their forms and the possibilities for future transformations, is necessary for scientifically predicting changes in the Caspian region. Previous studies on Mangystau toponyms have largely overlooked the names of islands, bays, peninsulas, and capes in the Caspian Sea.

Reflection in the modern Kazakh language of linguistic elements designated as Kypchak in the monument «Divani lugat it-turk»

M.M. Kossybayev, М.Е. Аdilov — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The work of Mahmut Kashgari «Divani lugat it-turk», which is the first historical and comparative dictionary of the Turkic languages, based on its rich linguistic dictionary is the most important source for the study of ancient Turkic written monuments and modern Turkic languages. In this book, Mahmud Kashgari, in addition to conveying the main grammatical features of the literary writing language of that period, provided extensive data on the linguistic differences between the Turkic languages and peoples such as Oguz, Kypchak, Uygur, Suvar, Argu, etc. The genius of the Karakhan era, referring to the differences between these languages, gave many examples, especially from the Kypchak language. Thus, M.Kashgari provides the largest amount of linguistic data about the Oghuz and Kypchaks after the literary language. In most cases, these two languages and peoples are used together.

It is noteworthy that Mahmud Kashgari's data on language groups still largely coincide with these languages ten centuries later. Nevertheless, the words in the work "Divani lugat it-turk" that are mentioned as characteristic of the Oghuz language may not occur in modern Oghuz languages, as well as words that have been abolished as Kypchak, may not be preserved in modern Kypchak languages. The article examines some linguistic elements designated in the monument as Kypchak words. The state of these Kypchak elements in the modern Kazakh language will be analyzed. It will be proved that the words and forms designated as the Kypchak linguistic element in the written monument have been preserved in the Kazakh literary language and dialects, in phraseological units and proverbs, as well as in paired words.

The harmony of the works of Dospambet Zhyrau and the Boatman Kul Mustafa

D.S. Zhalelov, M. Arslan — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The connection between the Turks of Anatolia and the Kazakhs runs deep, with their literature, culture, language, and mentality emanating from a shared source. This article delves into the internal harmony of contents, historical and literary parallels in the works of Dospambet Zhyrau and the Boatman Kul Mustafa.

Dospambet Zhyrau, an artist with a syncretic approach, delves into the origins and roots of folk poetry. Born in the city of Azau in the 16th century, as described in his memoirs, the main theme of his works (tolgau) that has come down to us revolves around struggle, liberation, freedom, longing, and the search for meaning in the life of an ideal person who harbors no regrets.

The Boatman Kul Mustafa stands out in the literature of the Turkish people, notably in maritime literature. Living in the 17th century during the Ottoman Empire, Kul Mustafa, a reliable companion of Murat Reis in sea voyages, participated in the military tour to conquer Baghdad. Limited information about his biography has survived, but some of his works, including the renowned saga "Young Osman," endure. The bravery of Osman, the young hero, became widely known among the Turkish people through Mustafa the Boatman's saga.

The article not only defines the internal content harmony and methods of comparison and analysis in the stories of Boatman Kul Mustafa and Dospambet Zhyrau but also describes the syncretism of these two personalities, significant in the folk poetry of related peoples. Conclusions drawn from the perspectives of Kazakh and Turkish researchers add depth to the exploration. Understanding the harmony of thought between these two creative personalities holds relevance and importance for modern science, shedding light on broader cultural and historical implications.

Features of the glorification of the youngest son in Turkish fairy tales

G.M. Muzhigova, E.S. Seisenbieva, J.S. Ergubekova — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the glorification and comparative analysis of the image of the youngest son inTurkish folk tales. Our values have been the first since ancient times, traditions, language, religion.Since the middle of the twentieth century, the Kazakh country has been irreparably destroyed by enemyinvasions. Nevertheless, oral literature, including fairy tales and ancient psalms, which have become the unfading light of folk spirituality, constantly motivates us to awaken some of our dormant instincts andknowledge in our historical memory. As you know, on the basis of this knowledge, the process of uniting the Turkic peoples into five spheres of one hand is underway. In the article, we examined the folklore heritage inherent in the Turkish peoples, the common culture of the peoples and nationalitiesthat make up the Turkish nationality, and a single indigenous civilization. One of the areas is the generational problem in oral literature. In particular, we focused on the image and glorification of the youngest son, who was the mainstay of shanyrak, the symbol of an entire dynasty. In general literature, fantastic tales are heterogeneous in genre, they contain simple stories typical of a primitive community,heroic tales, as well as everyday adventure works.

Interpretation of nation and ethnos, national and ethnic identity in political sciences

M.O. Nassimov — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In political science, the interpretation of nation, ethnos, national identity, and ethnic identity is a complex and multifaceted area of study. Scholars in this field analyze these concepts from various perspectives, considering their political, cultural, historical, and social dimensions. In political science, the interpretation of these concepts often depends on the specific research context and objectives. Researchers examine how nations and ethnos are defined, how national and ethnic identities are formed and maintained, and how these identities influence political behavior, institutions, and policies. The study of nation and ethnos is essential for understanding political dynamics, governance, and conflict resolution in diverse societies. The main goal of this article is a political science systematization of the conclusions that define these four concepts. To achieve the goal, we set the task of critical analysis by arguing the essence of concepts. First of all, we paid attention to those concepts that are embedded in the object of study, which have developed in the history of political thought. We focused on the main characteristics of each concept and determined their mutual differences. The article argues that there is no single definition of the concepts being studied among scientists. We conclude that researchers must take into account the semantic differences of interpretations given in the context of political-social views if they want to correctly interpret events occurring in the world.

The political identification of Kazakhstani people in the context of modernization

Z.S. Gaipov — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article is devoted to studying the impact of modernization processes on the political identity of Kazakhstani people. Political identity plays a significant role in strengthening national unity and stability, while modernization has a multifaceted influence on its transformation. Modernization is considered a complex process encompassing political, economic, social, and cultural changes. The authors conduct a comprehensive analysis of the historical and cultural factors shaping political identity, as well as contemporary trends such as globalization, digitalization, educational reforms, and urbanization. The study highlights the importance of programs like “Rukhani Zhangyru” (“Spiritual Renewal”) and “Mangilik El” (“Eternal Nation”) and their role in forming national values. It addresses the pressing issues of preserving national and ethnocultural identity in the context of globalization and demonstrates the significance of this process for the sustainable development of society. Quantitative and qualitative methods were employed in the research, including surveys and interviews, which helped identify the key aspects of political identity in society. The findings emphasize the necessity of fostering national consciousness, supporting ethnocultural diversity, and enhancing civic engagement to strengthen political identity. Key factors influencing the political identity of Kazakhstani citizens include digital transformation, educational reforms, urbanization, and globalization. Additionally, the article discusses maintaining a balance between youth political participation and the preservation of traditional values. The conclusions presented in the study provide a valuable foundation for improving the effectiveness of state policies aimed at strengthening national unity and stability.

Converging Interests, Diverging Strategies: A Comparative Analysis of China and Russia's Presence in Central Asia

I.Kh. Supyaldiyarov, S.K. Aliyeva, D.S. Supyaldiyarova — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Since the independence of the five Central Asian republics, both Russia and China have actively promoted their agenda and pursued their foreign policy goals in this region, which has led to growing rivalry between these countries. The aim of this article is to study the dynamics of relations between China and Russia in Central Asia and try to identify areas of convergence and divergence of their strategies. In this article, the authors attempt to analyze the developing dynamics of relations between China and Russia in Central Asia, highlighting points of convergence and divergences and exploring their implications for regional stability and security in the region. Focusing on the implications of the presence of China and Russia in Central Asia for regional stability and security, this study uses a comprehensive analysis of political, economic and security aspects. Through an examination of historical background, regional policies, and case studies, this article provides valuable insights into the evolving relationship between China, Russia, and Central Asia.

Transformation of the selsoviet into the village akimat: a retrospective analysis

Y.A. Zhumashov, N.S. Pussyrmanov — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In recent years, important reforms have been adopted aimed at developing the management system in cities of local significance, villages, urban-type settlements, rural districts, which are the lowest local government in the hierarchy of power in the regional administrative-territorial units of Kazakhstan. In particular, a fourth-level budget was introduced and direct elections of akims towns, cities of audan significance, villages and rural districts were held. Within the framework of these reforms, it is relevant to examine the history of the formation of the institute of rural akim and its staff in 1991-1995 in the context of large-scale legal, political, administrative and structural reforms in the country. The article discusses the transformation of selsoviet into village akimats after Kazakhstan’s independence. Examining academic literature, media publications and archival documents, authors reported creation of local government at the level of cities of local significance, villages, urban-type settlements, rural districts. A retrospective analysis revealed systemic problems inherent since the establishment of the institute of rural akim, which helps to assess its gradual evolution.

The impact of national intelligentsia to ideology

M.A. Kaiyrbek, B.A. Gabdulina, K.M. Toktomushev — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article focuses on studying the influence of the national intelligentsia on the formation and implementation of state ideology. A historical-analytical review is conducted on the role of Kazakh intelligentsia during various stages of Kazakhstan's development: the early 20th century, the Soviet era, and the post-Soviet period of independence. Special attention is given to the activities of the "Alash" movement representatives, who actively engaged in socio-political work, enlightenment, the development of science and education, the preservation of national values, and the protection of people's interests. The article hypothesizes a decline in the influence of the national intelligentsia on state ideology in the post-Soviet period. This is attributed to changes in the socio-economic conditions of the country, the characteristics of a market economy, and other related factors. To test this hypothesis, interviews were conducted with leading experts and scholars, and the results were subjected to thorough analysis. It was revealed that modern trends, such as digitalization, the development of the internet, and social media, contribute to the diminishing role of the intelligentsia in shaping public opinion. Simultaneously, the influence of bloggers, journalists, and public activists is increasing. The authors conclude that it is necessary to rethink approaches to strengthening the role of the national intelligentsia in ideological work. In particular, they propose more actively involving scientific and creative intelligentsia in creating and promoting content for social media. The methodological framework of the study includes historical analysis and content analysis. The work highlights key aspects that require detailed elaboration to enhance the influence of the national intelligentsia in modern conditions.

The problem of integration of repatriates into society from the CIS countries in South Korea

B.B. Byulegenova, B.R. Shakeeva, S.S. Korganova — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In this article the authors describe a comprehensive migration policy for the resettlement of ethnic Koreans to South Korea. According to the latest data, the number of ethnic Koreans who moved to South Korea from the CIS countries, called “Koryoin” or “Koryo-Saram,” has reached 800 thousand. Therefore, the question of their representatives in Korean society is relevant.

Based on historical, content analysis and biological research methods, the authors gradually analyze the history of migration of Korean repatriates and try to determine the reason for their return to their historical homeland. The main reason for attracting ethnic Koreans to the country is to fill the shortage of cheap labor in South Korea. The reason why repatriates move to South Korea is concerned with the goal of improving the quality of life and economic conditions.

However, despite all the favorable conditions created by the host country, repatriates will have to face difficulties in the process of integration in Korean society. First of all, this is a language problem. The problem of finding work to complete also remains relevant. Therefore, ethnic Korean immigrants began to form a network among themselves to solve these problems. On the one hand, these isolated gated communities are a major obstacle to the integration of ethnic Koreans in the host society, and on the other hand, such closed networks ensure the stability and security of Korea.

Effectiveness of the use of cybersecurity measures in solving the problem of modern bioterrorism

M.K. Dyussembekova, D.S. Primbetov, A. Rassylkhan — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the contemporary era, there is a growing imperative for implementing robust biosafety measures, surpassing the requirements of earlier times. On both the national and international scales, biosafety is contingent upon the efficacy of swift response mechanisms to mitigate biological hazards and other factors that contribute to safeguarding and promoting the well-being and interests of the populace.

This encompasses measures aimed at preventing and managing significant infectious diseases, safeguarding against biological warfare agents, and averting acts of bioterrorism. Additionally, it ensures the security of biological resources, including laboratories, and prevents the introduction of hazardous organisms into human populations and the environment.

A crucial aspect of addressing bioterroristic threats is leveraging advanced cybersecurity techniques to fortify critical information systems pertaining to biosecurity. These measures aid in identifying vulnerabilities and preventing unauthorized access to confidential data, thereby bolstering the overall resilience against potential threats.

In order to prevent future incidents and enhance the security capabilities of individual states, it is crucial to strengthen international cooperation. This can be achieved by integrating traditional biosecurity measures with cutting-edge cybersecurity technologies. Such an approach will help ensure the protection of critical information and thwart potential attacks, thereby contributing to the overall security of the global community.

Kazakhstan as a Center of Gravity in Central Asia in the Clash between the USA and China

D.M. Turtugulova, B. Seilkhan, Zh.B. Akimova — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

For centuries, Central Asia has been a crossroads of Eurasia, or "the intersection of East and West," making it an "interesting" region. It was the confluence point of four civilizations, which were controlled and controlled by the peoples of Central Asia.

Today, Central Asia has become an arena of competition and rivalry between the great powers (regional and non-regional), which affects the relations between them, as well as the strength of the balance, thus influencing the "international structure.

"Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, Central Asia has been undergoing a new stage of geopolitical transformation. Some experts say that Central Asia is returning to the Great Game of the nineteenth century - only with new players".

The main external players – Russia, the U.S., the EU, and China - have declared their support for peace, stability, and regional cooperation in Central Asia - declarations that are, of course, welcome in the region. But there is also some friction between them.

All Central Asian countries identify Russia as a major foreign policy priority and recognize its interests in Central Asia. The Russian Federation, for its part, also claims the importance of developing relations with the countries of the region.

However, due to several objective and subjective factors, relations between Russia and the Central Asian republics face some difficulties. Nevertheless, relations between Central Asia and Russia, despite some differences in their positions and assessments, are quite pragmatic and encompass political, economic, military, educational, and cultural cooperation.

Challenges to the Russia’s Soft Power in the Eurasian Economic Union

I.A. Bykov — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The paper aims to study the changes to Russia’s soft power inside the Eurasian Economic Union. The Union has been considered a tool of Russian soft power aiming to establish a common market combined with common information space. The paper examines the consequences of the “Special military operation”, started in 2022, to the Russian soft power resources in international news reporting and public discussions in the mass media of the member-states. To achieve this goal the foreign policy analysis method has been applied. It has been found that Russia has put extensive efforts into building a prominent country image and promoting strong leadership in global politics. The Eurasian Economic Union is one of the successful integration projects for Russia, which combines both soft and hard power. However, recently more and more countries in the Union prefer exclusive cooperation with Russia to a multi-vector policy. The process gradually gathers momentum in the Eurasian Economic Union, especially in Armenia. It has been found that many points of disagreement provoke further decline of the symbolic leadership of Russia. The paper reports recent challenges to Russia’s soft power, which have been provoked by the changes in the international journalism and media policy in the member-states.

Russia's "soft power" policy towards Kazakhstan in the research field on Central Asia

M.Sh. Gubaidullina, A. Paizova — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

An important component of bilateral Kazakh-Russian relations is the cultural, humanitarian and educational sphere. In foreign policy, these directions are traditionally classified as "soft power". In this sense, the research question aimed at considering one of the modern trends of Russia's "soft power" in relation to neighboring countries and its interpretation in the studies of scientists is relevant. The authors consider some of the views of the academic community on Russian “soft power” with the aim of a general understanding of how Russian soft power has prospects for spreading its influence in Kazakhstan. This article aims to analyze some opposing academic views and show their strength and limitations. A critical analysis of the strategic documents of the Russian Federation points to repeated references to the importance of soft power in the description of Russia's foreign policy priorities. Using the example of Kazakhstan, the article discusses the main strengths and weaknesses of Russian “soft power” and its effectiveness. It is important to note that this paper is not aimed at reconstructing the general theoretical idea of «soft power». The authors strive to show different approaches and assessments of researchers about Russian «soft power» policy using the example of Kazakhstan as a country where Russian «soft influence» prevails the most.

Legal Aspects of UNSC Resolutions on International Terrorism (Sanctions Committee against ISIS (DAESH) and Al-Qaeda and Council Decisions of the European Union)

R. Sadykova, A. Kadyrbekov — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Article devoted to broad issues of countering terrorism beginning from definition of the persons sponsoring terrorism. Also challenges of Sunctions Committee, Listing-deListing procedures, expansion of the powers of police and intelligence services. Some the authorities continued to persecute people peacefully practicing their religious beliefs through unregistered religious groups. Some countries are to initiate legislative changes with regard to non-governmental organizations in order to restrict their activities that contravene the conditions of freedom of association

There is broad and comprehensive analysis of United Nations main resolutions and other documents and reports on activities of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team established pursuant to resolution 1526 (2004) addressed to the Chairman of the SC Committee established pursuant to UNSC resolution 1267 (1999).

The role of information propaganda in the escalation of tensions and their impact on the political stability of Kazakhstan

А.S. Dmitriyeva, A.N. Ospanova, A.N. Zholdasbekova — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the era of a globalized world and a high level of development of information and communication technologies, information propaganda are of particular importance, which, acquire special importance, which, through their rapid spread through media and social media, become a powerful tool for manipulating public consciousness and political pressure by acting at their speed and reach. In turn, these factors are becoming a catalyst for the escalation of tensions among both populations and political environments. In the article, the authors raise issues related to the influence of information on the psycho-emotional consciousness of society and the disharmony of the internal socio-political situation, as well as analyze the main approaches to the concept of “information propaganda”. An important place was given to the analysis of media messages and statements of individual public figures, thanks to which, based on the methods of content analysis and case studies, the main information leaks and their goals were studied, which had the greatest impact on the destabilization of the political situation inside Kazakhstan. Based on this, within the framework of the systemic approach, it was established that the main actors are Russia and the West, which consider the information space of Kazakhstan as a tool of geopolitical influence in order to promote their strategic interests. The results of the study show how information propaganda have a significant impact on the population of Kazakhstan, which is most susceptible to information influence due to the low level of media literacy of the population, which has continued for the past 5 years. In addition, based on the studied data, the authors developed and proposed specific practical recommendations to improve the media literacy of the population and its resilience to information attacks, as well as combating disinformation, which seems appropriate for maintaining the national security of Kazakhstan.

The main stages of the formation of historical memory in Turkey

G. Zhumagalikyzy, M.R. Mukanov, S.T. Taishanova — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article deals with the main stages of formation of historical memory in Turkey from the period of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey to the present day. The basis for the formation of the paradigm of historical consciousness is the historical policy pursued by the state.

The influence of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's reforms aimed at secularization and modernization of the country on the formation of national identity is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the changing approaches to the Ottoman heritage in the 21st century under the leadership of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, including an increased emphasis on Islamic traditions and the glorification of the past.

The article discusses key mechanisms of historical memory formation, such as state memory policy, educational reforms, cultural popularization and the symbolism of national holidays. A special place is given to analyzing the silencing of complex historical topics, such as the Armenian genocide and the Kurdish question, and their impact on the country's domestic and foreign policy.

The question of Turkey's historical self-image faces a dilemma. On one side is the legacy of the Ottoman Empire and on the other is a secular republic. At the same time, ignoring difficult moments in history, such as the Armenian genocide and the Kurdish question, exacerbates internal conflicts and international pressure. For Turkey's sustainable development, it is important to find a balance between these different components of identity and historical memory, and to begin a more open and honest discussion of its past.

It is concluded that the Republic of Turkey has developed a complex, contradictory paradigm of historical consciousness, combining concordant and conflicting elements.

The novel "Dream of the Red Chamber" and its studies

M.K. Syrуmova, A. Alibekuly — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The novel "Dream of the Red Chamber", written by Cao Xueqin in the 18th century, is considered one of the greatest masterpieces of Chinese literature. Its profound content, intricate plot, and richness of themes led to the establishment of a specialized field of study called "Hongxue" (红学). Hongxue is dedicated to the comprehensive study of the novel, including its historical context, symbolism, characters, and cultural impact. The development of Hongxue began shortly after the publication of the novel. Chinese scholars Hu Shi and Cai Yuanpei were the first to undertake a systematic analysis of the work. They focused on the author's autobiographical elements, social critique, and philosophical ideas. This article examines various scholarly perspectives and interpretations related to the novel by comparing the works of Chinese, Russian, and American researchers. Special attention is given to the contributions of leading scholars in understanding the themes of the work, its characters, and its cultural significance. The novel "The Dream in the Red Chamber" is considered as a valuable cultural and historical heritage reflecting the image of realistic literature in China, as well as social, economic and social life during the Qing Kingdom.

The concept of “nostalgia” in the poetry of Ahmed Shawki

R.S. Kozhabekova, А.А. Mustafaeva — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The concept of “nostalgia” is one of the unique human feelings. Its structural and semantic basis is a variety of meanings and various conceptual symbols that have an emotional connotation. This article reflects the homesickness and numerous changes of the famous Egyptian poet Ahmed Shawki during his exile in Spain. The study examines the concept of “nostalgia” in the poet’s work. Ahmed Shawki’s own concept sphere, characteristic of the period of his life, is determined, and his national identity is reflected. Although he was brought up in the Khedive palace, as a poet he felt the “pulse” of the Egyptians, giving strong support to them and their desires through his writings. The article also analyzes the period of the poet’s depression associated with the exile of Ahmed Shawki to Spain after the outbreak of the First World War in 1915 and the further escalation of the revolution in Egypt in 1919. As a result of the study, it was analyzed that Ahmed Shawki found relief by turning to poetry to alleviate his nostalgia for his homeland while away from his country. The main problems in the poet’s poetry are discussed depending on the period under consideration. The results of the study showed that the poet wrote a poem called “Arab countries and great people of Islam” while visiting the monuments of Muslim civilization in Seville, Cordoba and Granada. The ability to convey the true mood and beauty in Shawki’s poetry made it possible to recognize only one side of the poet’s work. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the concept of “nostalgia” occupies a special place in the work of the poet Ahmed Shawki.

Sport as the language of diplomacy: strengthening ties through competitions

A.K. Mukhamedgaliyeva, B.Zh. Abzhapparova — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the role of sport in strengthening peace and harmony between countries in the international arena, especially the importance of sports diplomacy. The effectiveness of using sports to resolve conflicts arising in international relations has been demonstrated by historical examples. For example, the "diplomacy of cricket" between India and Pakistan or the "diplomacy of ping pong" between China and the United States prove the influence of this sport on the establishment of unity and mutual understanding. It is also assumed that the meetings of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea in the field of sports helped to reduce the level of tension. The article also examines the transformation of sport into an instrument of political pressure, especially at the Olympic Games and other major competitions, where political conflicts between athletes and countries occur. In order to increase the influence of sports on the world and friendly relations between countries, solutions such as maintaining the neutrality of international sports organizations, developing cultural diplomacy, and introducing common rules and codes are proposed. It is also noted that sport plays a special role in promoting tourism and national cultural heritage. This was studied in more detail on the example of the V World Nomad Games, held in Kazakhstan, in the city of Astana. In addition, the importance of considering sport as a path to unity and peace, rather than using it as a political tool at the international level, is emphasized.

China's Cultural Initiatives after the Policy of "Opening up and Reform"

D.B. Dauyen, Z.U. Iskakova — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article analyzes the main political, economic, and trade factors, including the most important changes and initiatives of China in the cultural sphere after the policy of "openness and reform". That is, since 1978, which plays an important role in the history of this China, what cultural achievements and discoveries have occurred in the People's Republic of China in the 45 years from this policy to the present day, its impact and benefits to society will be directly considered, and the results and analytics will be considered. The fullness of this policy with the transformational process and the role of the cultural sphere in a modernizing society will be emphasized. In general, this policy of "openness and reform" is a leading indicator and result of the development of Chinese culture. This is because, within the framework of this policy, China's cultural industry has developed over time, armed with the idea of liberating consciousness and expanding commitment, constantly promoting reforms and increasing transparency. From beginning to end, Chinese culture has retained a broad outlook, generosity, and a spirit of tolerance, which allowed it to embark on the path of developing a culture of socialism with Chinese identity.

The Lexical Features of the monument «Kitabi-i intermu-i Terzhuman-i Turki ve ajemi ve mugali»

K.K. Kenzhalin, N.К. Shalgynbay — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Works written in the ancient Kypchak language have different places of writing, inscriptions used, purposes in writing, historical periods. Not all such monuments have been preserved. One of their groups is considered to be the legacy of the Mamluk Kypchaks. The number of inheritances is small. The text of the Kypchak inscription «Kitabi-i intermu-i Terzhuman-i Turki ve ajemi ve mugali» is distinguished by its scale. This written monument is written in the language of the Kypchaks in the Egyptian state. Arabic script was used when writing the text of the monument. The vocabulary section of the text is completely preserved.

The language of the Mamluk Kypchaks in Egypt is considered an under-studied topic. A research paper is dedicated to one of their groups. But the translation into the Kazakh language and their full study are not implemented. Explanations were given and separate scientific articles were devoted to the monument of writing «Kitabi-i intermu-i Terzhuman-i Turki ve ajemi ve mugali». But a full analysis of the lexical fund of the monument was not carried out. The work «Kitabi-i intermu-i Terzhuman-i Turki ve ajemi ve Mugali» at one time served as a dictionary and textbook for mastering the Kypchak language. This work proves the dominance of the Kypchaks in Egypt and may reflect the vocabulary of the Kypchak language. Therefore, it is important to analyze the lexical stock of this work.