Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series.

Several Views on the Common History of Medieval Central Asia and East Turkestan

T.Z. Kaiyrken — 2025-06-30

The article examines the historical and geographical connections of Central Asia and East Turkestan in the Middle Ages. It is known that these two regions have played a special role in the spiritual, cultural and economic relations between the West and the East since ancient times. The ancient Silk Road first crossed this region in the past, and then continued to the east and west. At one time, the geopolitical importance of the region also increased due to the influence of the Silk Road. In the 8th century, this region became an arena for the struggle for influence between the Arab, Tibetan and Tang empires. But ultimately, none of them managed to establish their dominance here. Central Asia and East Turkestan were under a single political authority created by the indigenous Turkic peoples, both in the early Hunnic and Turkic eras, and in the medieval era of the Karakhanid, Kara-Khitan, Chagatai khanates and Moghulstan. Therefore, both geographically and historically, it was an integral part of all of Central Asia or all of Turan.

The article focuses on interregional relations during the Karakhanid state. The article examines the foreign policy of the newly formed Karakhanid state in the valleys of the Shu and Talas rivers in the middle of the 9th century, which developed as a result of the interaction of the ancient Uyghur (Oguz) tribes who migrated from Central Mongolia and the local Karluk and Yagma tribes. Then, the historical place of Kashgar as one of the two capitals of the Karakhanid state is emphasized. The history of the development and prosperity of East Turkestan as part of the Karakhanid state, the spread of Islam, and the process of Turkification of the entire Yeti-Shahar are analyzed. This proves that during the era of the Karakhanid state, East Turkestan was part of it. This conclusion radically changes the previously established historiographic views.

The article also analyzes the political, economic and ethnic conditions in Central Asia and East Turkestan during the Chagatai Khanate and the Mughal Empire. The struggle for power between the dynasties of Ogedei and Chagatai, as well as the growing influence of the local Dulat nobility in the interior of the khanate contributed to the expansion of the state's borders to the east and south. As a result, the eastern border of Mogolstan reached the Great Wall of China. And such large possessions as Kashgar, Kotan, Zharkent, Aksu, Kusan became internal regions of the state. Based on these facts, the author proves that East Turkestan was also part of the Chagatai ulus and the Mogul state, which was expanding throughout Central Asia during this period.

The Popularity of Contemporary Chinese Literature and Its Prominent Representatives

R.S. Murzataeva — 2025-06-30

This article analyzes the national characteristics and global popularity of contemporary Chinese literature. Modern Chinese literature is a vivid reflection of a literary process that has combined tradition and innovation over the centuries. Since the early 20th century, the social and political changes in China's history have significantly influenced its literature. The study explores the historical, social, and philosophical dimensions of Chinese literature, revealing its unique ability to blend national culture with global values. The works of prominent Chinese authors such as Mo Yan, Yu Hua, Yan Lianke, Liu Cixin, and Bi Feiyu are examined as examples. These writers skillfully depict the social issues of Chinese society during their respective eras, as well as the relationships between humans and nature, and between the people and authority. The article emphasizes the importance of Chinese literature in portraying global issues while preserving its national identity, and its role in strengthening intercultural literary dialogue. Furthermore, the article explores the place and influence of contemporary Chinese literature in global culture. It is highlighted that the international recognition of Chinese literature through prestigious awards and translations into world languages has helped secure its rightful place in the global literary sphere. Additionally, the adaptation of Chinese literary works into film and their growing popularity among wider audiences are also discussed.

A number of Arabic words found in the work "Shezhire-i Terakime"

D.A. Baltabay — 2025-06-30

Linguistic analysis of the Turkic written heritage, historical manuscripts and epic poems is of particular importance for determining the history of the formation and development of the language. The subject of the article is the work "Shezhire-i Terakime" by Abilgazy Bahadur Khan, written in the 17th century. This work, written in the Chagatai script, is a version of the epic "Oguznama" written in the Arabic alphabet. Since the text of the manuscript is a medieval work, in its lexical layer, in addition to ancient Turkic elements, there are Arabic, Persian and Mongolian words. The scientific article examines the lexical and semantic features of a number of Arabisms found in the genealogical language and their use in the modern Kazakh language. In historical lexicology, the generally accepted term "Arabic-Persian words" is often used for semantic differentiation of borrowed words, including Arabic and Persian. In the article, borrowings are considered not as Arabo-Persian elements, but as individual linguistic features. In particular, in the genealogical text, such Arabic elements as lafz/lebiz "word", ishrat/ayiz "celebration", qatil/qatal "massacre", esir/jesir "captive" and fursat/mursat "opportunity" are semantically analyzed. The semantic use of these words in Kazakh folklore poems and in the modern Kazakh language is analyzed. The main objective of the scientific article is to analyze the Arabic elements found in the work "Shezhire-i Terakime" from a linguistic point of view and to determine the historical continuity between the Chagatai script and the Kazakh language. The study uses semantic analysis, descriptive, historical-comparative and comparative methods.

The Strategic Role of the Presidential Council in South Korea's Nation Branding

S.Zh. Ismailova — 2025-06-30

This article examines the strategic development of national branding in South Korea. The purpose of the study is to identify the key measures taken by the government of the Republic of Korea to strengthen the image and strategic development of national branding in the country. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of official documents, statistics and analytical reports published by government and international sources.

The article examines the role of the Presidential Council for National Branding, which was founded on the initiative of President Lee Myung-bak in 2009. The creation of this body has become an unique example of an institutional approach to national branding management. The Council has assumed comprehensive responsibility for coordinating the state policy of government departments, as well as for implementing a wide range of communication, image and advertising-oriented activities in relation to national branding. The article examines in detail the functions, structure and main areas of work of the Council.

It is concluded that the Presidential Council for National Branding has made a significant positive contribution to the formation of a sustainable and positive image of the country abroad. And also that a positive image of the state ensures the stability of security, strengthening of cultural influence and promotion of economic interests in the international arena.

Genesis and Ethnic Connection of the Ethnonym Toghuz-Oghuz with Modern Turkic Peoples

A.B. Rysbekova — 2025-06-30

In the history of the Turkic peoples, the early medieval period still requires clarification and in-depth research. In the study of the history of each people, the issue of ethnogenesis plays a very important role. Unfortunately, the problem of the ethnogenesis of modern Turkic peoples has not yet been fully resolved. Therefore, the study of individual clans and tribes that make up the Turkic peoples and their ethnogenesis is one of the important topics for research.

Currently, the history of the Kazakh clans is only considered from the 12th-13th centuries. However, studying the earlier period presents difficulties, and it is hard to predict. The data obtained from Turkic historical sources are insufficient for researching the issue of ethnogenesis, and they cannot provide complete information. For example, the Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions and the Talas inscriptions only describe individual historical events. As for Arabic sources, Arab travelers mainly limited themselves to the southern regions of Kazakhstan and did not visit Mongolia or China. Therefore, we cannot obtain much information related to our topic from Arabic sources. Ancient data about Turkic tribes is mostly available only from Chinese sources.

This article examines the composition of the tribes of the union of the Toquz Oghuz, found in early medieval historical sources, and analyzes the role of the Toquz Oghuz in the genesis of modern Turkic peoples.

Features of case endings in the «Babyrnama» language

A.R. Khalmetov — 2025-06-30

The Chagatai language was used by all Eastern Turkic peoples inhabiting vast territories from the 15^th to the 20^th century as a unified written language, and many valuable works were written in it. One such work is the Baburnama (15^th-16^th centuries) by Zahir ad-Din Muhammad Babur, the shah. Babur's creativity occupies a special place in the history of the Turkic peoples. This work is a source of Turkic culture and history, and also an important source that helps to understand the development path of modern Turkic written languages. The article presents a comparative analysis of the case endings and their functions in sentences in the Baburnama, based on data from other Turkic written monuments. A general description of the development of the case category in Turkic languages is provided, and the specific features of the case endings in the language of the Baburnama are identified. The grammatical meaning and functions of case endings in the language of written monuments, their ability to connect words in a sentence, and their role in ensuring syntactic relationships are discussed. The language of Zahir ad-Din Muhammad Babur's Baburnama is considered from the perspective of the early form of the Old Kazakh language.

Ornithomorphic image of an eagle in the shamanic tradition of the peoples of Siberia (Sakha, Khakas, Tuva)

A.B. Toktorbayeva — 2025-06-30

The article comprehensively examines ornithomorphic images in the shamanic traditions of the peoples of Siberia. Ornithomorphic symbols occupy a special place in the shamanic worldview because they have an important function in establishing contact with the spirit world, in depicting cosmogonic concepts. The article analyzes the symbolic meaning of the images of birds in the shamanic rituals of these peoples, including the Eagle.

The relevance of the study is due to a deeper understanding of the cultural heritage of the peoples of Siberia (Sakha, Khakas, Tuva), including the ritual, symbolic, and worldview significance of the ornithomorphic image of the Eagle in shamanic traditions. The study of ornithomorphic images allows us to consider the spiritual world and mythological concepts of the Sakha, Khakas, and Tuva peoples from a new angle. The article analyzes the symbolic meaning of the images of the Eagle in shamanic rituals and the attributes of these peoples. Mythological, ethnographic, and culturological methods were used in the study. In mythological analysis, the meaning of the image of the Eagle in the shamanic worldview is revealed, and their role is determined. Ethnographic methods made it possible to study the role of the Eagle in shamanic practices. Archaeological materials served as the basis for the study of shamanic attributes, the ritual function of birds from ancient times to the present day. Cultural analysis revealed not only the ritual, but also the socio-cultural significance of birds.

The results of the study revealed the multifaceted role of birds in the shamanic traditions of the peoples of Siberia (Sakha, Khakas, Tuva). Eagle feathers are often found in shamanic clothing, and their images are often found in avenga (tambourine) and headdresses. Sound imitations, such as the voice of an eagle, are an important part of ritual songs and rituals. Shamanic traditions of the peoples of Siberia, based on images of birds, do not lose their relevance as a source of spiritual and cultural wealth for modern society.

The Artifact Value of the Types of Dishes in the Turkic Culture

M. Amirova — 2025-06-30

The article analyzes and comprehensively considers one of the material benefits of the Turkic culture - dishes as an important source in the study of the archaeological heritage, starting from the monuments of the Saka period, which are considered the genesis of the indigenous Turks, and ending with the pottery used. in the settlements of the Bronze Age and the types of dishes used in the traditional environment. The purpose of the research article is to consider the types of pots and inscriptions on them preserved from the indigenous Turkic world as a form of traditional culture and study them as material evidence. To do this, the study focused on comparing artifacts found during archaeological excavations and their features. The article tells about the value of a monument of the Saka era - a silver bowl with a 26-character inscription found during excavations in Esik burial mound (5-6 centuries BC), reading options, material and manufacturing technique. In addition, attention is paid to such issues as faience dishes, their forms, the rules for constructing a pattern system, which are valuable data in the study of material monuments of the Bronze Age, and the significance of patterns on dishes as an ethnic indicator is explained. Information is also given on the continuation of the types of bowls, which are one of the outstanding examples of the material culture of the Turkic times, in modern ethnic culture, their place in the popular worldview, and the functions of the vessels used by our people in everyday life. The scientific article uses archaeological data and special literature.

Semantic continuity between ancient and modern anthroponyms

B. Abdualiuly — 2025-06-30

Personal names represent a linguistic phenomenon that has existed alongside human history. Analyzing their nature reveals a wealth of historical and cultural information. Notably, signs of cognition and belief retain their meaning across eras, serving as a foundation for historical continuity. For example, ancient names such as Baraq, Itemgen, and Itbai transformed into Amandyk, Turar, and Toktar as cultural perspectives evolved. The semantic meaning of names in both groups remains nearly identical, conveying the wish for the child’s well-being. While the form of these names has changed, their ancient meaning has endured to the present day. This connection is referred to as “semantic continuity.” In addition to this, phenomena such as “morphological continuity” and “lexical continuity” also link the old and the new. However, this article focuses specifically on semantic continuity.

The semantic link between personal names preserved in ancient Turkic written monuments and those in modern Turkic languages, including Kazakh, manifests in various ways. In the article, this type of continuity is classified into the following categories: “continuity of archaic name forms,” “continuity between ancient and modern forms,” and “continuity through the revival of historical names.” Historical transformations of each era and the cultural-economic interactions among peoples influence not only the lexical composition of names but also their meanings. This influence occurs through precedent phenomena, the conceptual and semantic peculiarities of languages that borrow from one another, the renewal of cultural perspectives in society, and other factors. Based on these considerations, the article systematizes the evolutionary development of semantic processes inherent to the history and nature of anthroponyms, providing well-substantiated examples to illustrate these dynamics.

Chalama Stone as an object of Turkological research: rituals, symbols and cultural heritage

Sh.D. Burkitbayeva — 2025-06-30

The stone Chalama represents a unique sacred place where the shamanic traditions of Turkic-speaking peoples are preserved and transmitted. This sacred space, filled with spiritual energy, serves as a center for conducting rituals, ceremonies, and rites that strengthen intergenerational connections and uphold cultural heritage. Chalama symbolizes unity and spiritual renewal, offering everyone an opportunity to engage with ancient knowledge and traditions, ensuring their preservation for future generations.

The aim of this article is to study the ritual of kamlaniye performed at the sacred stone of Chalama through the lens of its symbolism and its role in preserving the cultural identity of Turkic-speaking peoples. The research problem lies in the fact that the kamlaniye ritual, as a central element of shamanic practice, retains its significance among Turkic-speaking peoples. However, the symbolism and spiritual meaning of the ritual in the modern context remain insufficiently studied. The study uses a comparative historical method to identify changes and continuity in rituals. The methods of description and analysis made it possible to reconstruct the ritual sequence, and cultural and historical-ethnographic approaches were applied to study the meaning of the ritual in the context of traditions and modern culture.

Kamlaniye at the Chalama stone serves as a vivid example of the preservation of shamanic traditions in the contemporary world. The study confirms that shamanism continues to play a key role in maintaining the spiritual identity of Turkic-speaking peoples, acting as a bridge between ancient traditions and modern spiritual needs. This underscores the importance of studying such practices to preserve cultural heritage and understand the spiritual identity of Turkic-speaking peoples.

Communication strategies in multi-ethnic societies: a comparative analysis of the approaches of Kazakhstan and Russia

E.L. Nechaeva — 2025-06-30

In the context of globalization, accompanied by growing ethnic diversity, the management of multi-ethnic societies is becoming one of the key tasks of public policy. Of particular importance is the development of effective communication strategies aimed at strengthening civic identity, preventing ethnic conflicts and increasing the level of trust in government. The article examines theoretical approaches to the formation of such strategies, their principles and methods of implementation. Using the example of Russia and Kazakhstan, various models of strategizing are analyzed, demonstrating how to adapt interethnic policy to the unique social, cultural and historical characteristics of each society, ensuring the harmonization of interethnic relations and sustainable development of the state.

Particular attention in the study is paid to the institutionalization of interethnic interaction, which includes the creation of sustainable and effective structures that promote dialogue between different ethnic groups. This involves their active participation in the political and public life of the country, which strengthens social stability. The work identifies successful practices aimed at harmonizing interethnic relations. It is emphasized that the key factors of successful strategizing are inclusiveness, openness of the authorities to dialogue and consideration of historical and cultural characteristics of the regions.

The analysis of the proposed approaches and models of strategizing demonstrates the importance of a comprehensive and systemic approach that takes into account not only socio-cultural, but also economic and political aspects of interethnic interaction. The solutions considered in this work are highly adaptable, which makes them applicable in a variety of contexts.

Water Resource Management in Liberia: Current Issues and Development Priorities

T.A. Kamaljanova — 2025-06-30

The study analyzes the problems of water resources management in Liberia with an emphasis on the sustainable development of the water sector. Despite the presence of significant water resources, the country faces serious challenges such as drinking water shortages, water pollution, and insufficient water supply and sanitation infrastructure. These problems are aggravated by political, economic, and social factors, as well as the consequences of the civil war.

The research methodology includes an analysis of existing sources, legislation, and reports of international organizations. Content analysis of strategic documents, as well as statistical data on water resources and sanitation conditions, were used. The paper offers recommendations for improving the situation, including modernization of water supply and sanitation systems, improved water quality monitoring, and raising public awareness.

The main results of the study are the identification of key problems in the water sector, such as a lack of infrastructure and weak legislative regulation. To address these problems, measures are proposed aimed at developing infrastructure, attracting foreign investment, and strengthening international cooperation. The practical significance of the work lies in proposing concrete steps to improve water management in Liberia, which can contribute to increasing access to drinking water and improving sanitation. The results obtained can be used in planning and implementing activities in the field of sustainable water use, which is especially relevant for countries facing similar challenges.

The formation of an independent Azerbaijani state while fostering a strong national identity in the context of modern challenges and opportunities

L.J. Maharramova — 2025-06-30

The article examines the construction of an independent state as a dynamic process within the context of existing political science approaches and the interrelation of studies conducted on specific post-Soviet countries.

The scientific problem is analyzed through the comparison of key ideas from studies carried out in the West, Russia, and other CIS countries, including Azerbaijan. It is demonstrated that the construction of an independent state is a complex process that requires the successful integration of both universal and national factors.

Using the example of Azerbaijan, the article shows that the content and objectives of the state-building process are directly dependent on the type of national identity.

The methodological principles adopted in the study are the systems approach and intersubjectivity, while the method of comparative analysis was chosen as the preferred research method. Within the framework of this approach, the issue is examined at a general level through the lens of comparing political science perspectives on national identity and the building of a modern state with studies focused on specific post-Soviet countries. Based on the general political-scientific findings obtained, the process of building an independent state in Azerbaijan is then analyzed.

Kazakhstan’s rare Earth metals: foreign economic policy

D.A. Tumanshiyev — 2025-06-30

The article "Kazakhstan’s rare Earth metals: foreign economic policy and the "resource curse" " deals with the influence of the wealth of rare metals on the economic development and foreign policy of Kazakhstan. In the global technological era, rare metals are becoming strategic resources necessary for the production of high-tech products. Kazakhstan, which has significant reserves of these metals, faces risks related to the "resource curse" - economic dependence on raw material exports and vulnerability to fluctuations in world prices. The article analyzes the economic and geopolitical aspects of the management of rare metals, as well as their impact on the country's sustainable development and international relations. Particular attention is paid to the need to diversify the economy and improve resource management policies to reduce risks and ensure long-term sustainability. The authors emphasize that the strategic use of rare metals plays a very important role in strengthening Kazakhstan's foreign policy position and increasing its competitiveness on the world stage. The research paper also discusses the importance of innovation and international cooperation to effectively exploit these valuable resources that allow Kazakhstan to become a major player in the global economy.

Transformation of Value Orientations in Kazakhstani Society During the Independence Period: Content Analysis of Media Discourse

N.L. Seitakhmetova — 2025-06-30

This article examines the dynamics of changes in value orientations of Kazakhstani society during the independence period through the prism of media discourse. The relevance of the research is substantiated by the necessity for comprehensive analysis of changes in public consciousness and sociocultural patterns in the context of state-building and modernization. The methodological foundation of the research consists of an integrated approach combining quantitative and qualitative content analysis of media texts, discourse analysis, and comparative methodology. The empirical base comprises materials from leading Kazakhstani media outlets from 1991-2024, selected according to the principles of representativeness and coverage of various segments of the media landscape. The research identifies three key stages in the transformation of societal value orientations: the post-Soviet adaptation period (1991-2000), the period of stabilization and formation of a new national identity (2001-2015), and the period of global challenges and digital transformation (2016-2024). Content analysis of media discourse demonstrates significant evolution in the representation of fundamental values such as family, labor, education, social success, civic responsibility, and national culture. The study reveals that media discourse reflects the dialectical interaction between traditional values of Kazakhstani society and modernization imperatives conditioned by processes of globalization and the country's integration into the global community. A significant correlation has been established between the transformation of media discourse and actual changes in public consciousness, confirming the role of mass media not only as a transmitter but also as a constructor of social values. Particular attention is devoted to analyzing the relationship between traditional and modernization values in the public consciousness of Kazakhstanis, identifying dominant trends in the evolution of social attitudes and worldview positions of citizens.

“Soft power” of India: the role of culture in globalization processes

Sh. Kenbayev — 2025-06-30

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of "soft power" in the context of the foreign policy strategy of India. The paper examines important aspects of cultural diplomacy, religious and philosophical heritage, the influence of cinema, culinary traditions, and the role of the Indian diaspora as a means of transnational influence. The author emphasizes that the "soft power" of India is formed not only as an element of cultural expression but also as a purposeful political and diplomatic resource, which is actively used to form a positive image of the country in the international arena. The historical development of Indian "soft power", from Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolent policies to the Indian national movement and modern initiatives led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has been highlighted. It is noted that India consciously uses cultural and spiritual heritage as a means of forming a global narrative, in which the country is seen as a carrier of universal values: tolerance, absence of violence, wisdom, and peaceful coexistence. The role of the Indian diaspora, especially in the West and the Persian Gulf, is also seen as an important mediator in the transmission of cultural codes and values. The diaspora acts not only as a cultural repeater but also as an active participant in economic, political, and educational processes, strengthening India's influence abroad. In addition, problems related to the fragmentation of diaspora communities, the politicization of identity, and social inequality were also noted. In conclusion, the author comes to the conclusion that Indian "soft power" is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that combines cultural, historical, and political elements, as a result of which India strengthens its position in the global competition for the consciousness and sympathy of the international community.

Information Society: Evolution, Structural Features, and Development Directions

A.E. Ibrayeva — 2025-06-30

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the concept of the information society, its structural characteristics, and its impact on modern socio-economic activity. The information society represents a new historical stage of development in which information becomes a key strategic resource that determines decisions in the economic, political, cultural, and social spheres. In such a society, the production, processing, storage, and dissemination of information are considered core economic values.

The article pays special attention to the historical prerequisites for the formation of the information society and the role of scientific and technological progress in this process. Emphasis is placed on the rapid development of innovative technologies, the expansion of digital infrastructure, and the widespread dissemination of the Internet and telecommunications networks, which are regarded as the main driving forces of change. The close relationship between the information society and globalization processes is also emphasized.

As a result of digitalization, the economic structure undergoes a fundamental transformation, giving rise to new types of activities, professions, and specializations. The education system is being updated through interactive and distance learning platforms, while communication processes are increasingly taking place on digital platforms. The labor market is also witnessing growing demand for digital skills.

The article also addresses the current challenges facing the information society: digital inequality (differences in access to the Internet), cybersecurity threats, confidentiality and protection of personal data, and changes in traditional patterns of social interaction.

The Problem of Terrorism in Central Asia and Ways to Combat Terrorism in the Republic of Kazakhstan

N.O. Akkozhina — 2025-06-30

This article discusses the relevance of the problem of terrorism in the Central Asian region and provides a comprehensive analysis of terrorism issues in the context of Central Asia's security. Kazakhstan, as the leading state in Central Asia, has undertaken significant measures in the fight against terrorism. These measures encompass a wide range of actions, from legislative changes to international cooperation. The rise of extremism and radicalism in recent years has posed serious security challenges in this region, especially with the growing issue of radicalization through the internet. In this regard, the issue of security in Central Asia stands out for its relevance. This article examines the main directions in combating terrorism, including legislative foundations for countering terrorism and extremism, cooperation with organizations such as the SCO, CSTO, and UN, prevention of radicalization, and analysis of social factors within the state. The authors of the article provide a comprehensive analysis of the causes of terrorism and the threats it poses to regional security. Special attention is given to the legal, institutional, and international measures and strategies of the Republic of Kazakhstan in combating terrorism. In addition, the article examines preventive measures aimed at ensuring national security, the coordinated efforts of law enforcement agencies, as well as approaches to preventing religious extremism. As a result of the study, Kazakhstan’s experience in countering terrorism is revealed, and possible future directions for combating this threat are identified.

Institutional experience of the European union in the field of energy resources management and prevention of threats in the energy sector

A.A. Adirbaeva — 2025-06-30

The article examines the experience accumulated by the European Union in the field of energy resources management and the prevention of threats in the energy sector. The relevance of the chosen research topic is due to the fact that the difficult economic and political situation in the world has forced the European Union to refocus its energy policy on the production and use of renewable energy sources. The purpose of the study is to analyze the institutional experience of the European Union in the field of energy resources management and prevention of threats to energy security. A systematic approach was used as the main one, which made it possible to analyze the accumulated experience of the European Union in managing energy resources obtained in the process of functioning and development of the energy security system. The problem of providing clean energy is becoming an inherent challenge not only for Europe, but also for the entire world community, given climate change, growing global demand for energy and uncertainty about future supplies. The experience of the European Union in the development of alternative energy can be useful for other countries, in particular, the countries of Central Asia, since it is to the countries of this region that the interests of the European Union are reoriented in the conditions of the energy crisis that has erupted. In conclusion, the author concludes that all measures taken by the European Union today are mainly focused on a coordinated reduction in demand for energy resources, without taking into account the supply side. In this regard, two sets of initiatives aimed at solving this problem are proposed.

The Formation of the Image of China in the Context of School Textbooks on the History of Kazakhstan

S.B. Kishibayeva — 2025-06-30

History textbooks play a crucial role in history education and are an important tool for imparting historical knowledge and developing historical consciousness. This study explores the formation of historical consciousness in Kazakhstan from secondary school history textbooks. Since the content of history textbooks for grades 10 and 11 is a review and integration of the content of grades 5 to 9, the sample of the study in this paper was selected from history textbooks for grades 5 to 9 in Kazakhstan. The study analyzes the content of Kazakhstan's secondary school history textbooks for grades 5-9 on the relations between China and the Kazakhstan region from ancient times to the present day, explores the past, present, and future of the relations between the two countries, describes the impact of Kazakhstan's secondary school history textbooks on the formation of the population's historical consciousness. The existence of numerous historical materials proves that the relations between China and Kazakhstan have a long history. Nowadays, under the auspices of the Belt and Road cooperation initiative, the prospects for the development of relations between the two countries are optimistic. The narratives about China in the history textbooks of Kazakhstan's secondary schools make it possible for students to implicitly accept China's influence and participation in the historical development of Kazakhstan's region, as well as to make the relationship between the two countries a part of the construction of the national identity of modern Kazakhstan and a part of the population's historical consciousness.

Migration and Diasporas in Japan: history, problems, solutions and forecasts of development

Zh.M. Karzhaubay — 2025-06-30

Japan's migration and diaspora policy represents a unique and multifaceted aspect of public policy, reflecting both historical traditions and modern challenges. Japan, having one of the most ethnically homogeneous nations, has long adhered to a policy of strict control over migration. However, taking into account global changes such as an aging population, low birth rate and the need for skilled labor, the country is gradually reviewing its approaches to migration and interaction with diasporas.

The relevance of the topic is related to several factors. First, demographic changes in Japan are putting pressure on the government to adapt migration policies to meet the needs of the economy. Secondly, a significant number of Japanese living outside the country play an important role in Japan's international relations and represent an important resource for strengthening cultural and economic ties with other countries.

The purpose of this article is to analyze Japan's current approaches to migration and diaspora policy, as well as to evaluate their effectiveness. The historical context, current principles and legislative initiatives, as well as the problems and challenges Japan faces in these areas will also be considered. Special attention will be paid to the impact of migration policy on society, the country's economy, as well as the prospects for its further development.

The object of the study is the migration and diaspora policy of Japan, including its impact on society and the economy in the context of demographic changes. The study is important theoretically, as it reveals the features of migration policy in an ethnically homogeneous society and the role of the diaspora in international relations, and its practical significance lies in the possible application of the findings to develop migration management strategies in countries with low fertility and aging populations, which is especially relevant for specialists in the field of migration policy.

Prospects for digital cooperation between Kazakhstan and South Korea in the field of public administration

N.E. Khamitova — 2025-06-30

This article examines the features of digital transformation in Kazakhstan and South Korea in the field of public administration. The importance of public administration in the implementation of digital transformation policy is undeniable. Due to government support and the initiative to create innovative technologies, the country's digital infrastructure is developing. The quality of human life and the effective work of all spheres has become dependent on the new digital environment. Consequently, every country strives to introduce new digital innovations into all sectors of the economy every year. Accordingly, scientific research on this topic is relevant. In the article, based on the method of analyzing statistical data from databases such as the World Bank, UN E-Government Survey 2022, International Telecommunication Union Surveys (ITU), IMD World Competitiveness Ranking reports 2023, INSEAD The Global Competitiveness Rankings 2022, comparative tables of two countries were compiled on the main areas of digitalization of public administration. A matrix was compiled using the game theory method, which examines the dominant cooperation between Kazakhstan and South Korea in the field of digital transformation. It is assumed that in the context of effective and stable mutual cooperation between countries in the field of digitalization, the role of public administration in a broad sense acquires a significant role for each of the governments.

Critical Geopolitics and the Transformation of Borders in Central Asia: The Kyrgyz–Tajik Border Conflict

A.B. Kuzembayeva — 2025-06-30

This article examines the 2025 Kyrgyz–Tajik border agreement through the lens of critical geopolitics. The authors analyze the transformation of the state border as a significant resource for political mobilization, a tool of symbolic confrontation, and a mechanism for constructing national identity. Using discourse analysis of official statements, media materials, and expert interviews, the article reveals how political elites in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan employ border agreements to strengthen domestic legitimacy and institutionalize their authority. Special attention is given to the dual nature of official narratives, which simultaneously emphasize friendship and express strategic suspicion toward neighboring states. The authors argue that the agreement does not resolve the conflict conclusively but initiates a new phase in the reconfiguration of power and identity. The article also explores the implications of the agreement for regional security, its impact on local communities, and the challenges of managing transboundary resources. It is emphasized that Central Asian leaders continue to shape their nations through territorial demarcation and appeals to historical and moral justice, reflecting key tenets of critical geopolitics, which views space as a site of struggle for statehood and development.

Analysis of television consumption patterns and its impact on the state information policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan

M.A. Aidarkozhin — 2025-06-30

In recent years, Kazakhstan has seen significant changes in media consumption of television. The study of television content patterns and their impact on the state information policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is an important aspect of regional studies, since television broadcasting, due to its wide prevalence, plays a key role in shaping public opinion and cultural identity.

This article presents an analysis of trends in the Kazakhstani television space. The study includes an analysis of audience indicators of the most popular Kazakhstani and foreign TV channels, providing statistical data as evidence of how popular this or that content is in terms of the genre orientation of TV programs, the age and gender structure of the population and regional divisions of the country.

The purpose of this study is to identify trends and changes in television content consumption in Kazakhstan, as well as to assess their impact on the state information policy. In particular, the study focuses on the analysis of the dynamics of TV channel viewability, changes in audience preferences by age and gender groups, as well as genre preferences. Particular attention is paid to the issue of competitiveness of domestic content in comparison with foreign content. In this context, this issue is considered from the point of view of ensuring the country's information security.

This study not only summarizes data on the television preferences of Kazakhstanis, but also offers practical recommendations for the further development of state information policy aimed at supporting domestic content and forming a positive public opinion.