Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series.

National Qurultay – as an institution of deliberative democracy

R. Tassym — 2025-09-30

The article focuses on the activities of the National Qurultay under the president of the Republic of Kazakhstan, created on the initiative of K. Tokayev. The formation and development of the National Qurultay in the form of a participatory and advisory democracy allows diverse groups of society to participate in decision-making and policy. In this direction, the conceptual discussion on the formation of the National Qurultay, the National Qurultay as a form of civil and public discourse, the political communication role of the National Qurultay became the main questions of our study.

The peculiarity of the study is that it is studied through the prism of the contribution of such a newly established body as the National Qurultay to the development of consultative democracy in Kazakhstan. The establishment and development of such a deliberative structure and its active influence make it possible to form a new level of public opinion.

In the context of the transformation of the political system, the creation of the Qurultay was not only the widespread involvement of the authorities in the decision- making process of the population, but also the conceptual framework of political modernization became an integral part of the model of the " Listening State To The Voice Of The People". In this way, the National Constituent has been able to become a tool for feedback, public consultation, democratic participation that offers ideas that move society forward, changing the way public policy is made.

The article is based on a regulatory document, expert opinion and empirical data analysis. In this regard, it will form the basis for the development of practical recommendations for promotion in the form of an accessible and convenient platform for exchanging thoughts, ideas and opinions on ensuring the rule of law and improving the efficiency of Public Administration.

Central Asia and B. Buzan’s regional security complex theory

D.S. Kurmashev — 2025-09-30

This article explores regional security and the functioning of related institutions and partnerships in Central Asia through the lens of the regional security complex theory formulated by Barry Buzan in his book “Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security,” published in 2003. This theory introduces four levels of analysis to conceptualize security constellations, one of which is applied to Central Asia to examine the region’s capacity to establish a coherent security framework. It provides insights into the evolving relationships, power dynamics, and balance of power within the region.

The analysis highlights the leading role of Kazakhstan in fostering political will to drive regional discussions toward achieving consensus on issues of security and stability in Central Asia. Kazakhstan's initiatives are presented as a strategic effort to overcome the region's long-standing challenges in forming security complex-type relations. Such relations are characterized by integrated and cooperative approaches among member states. By promoting dialogue and partnership-based models, Kazakhstan seeks to build a collective security framework where all regional states jointly define and address shared challenges.

This study contributes to understanding the interplay of regional dynamics, the evolving balance of power, and the potential for a unified security structure in Central Asia. It also sheds light on the broader implications for regional stability and the role of cooperative partnerships in international security frameworks.

The Hope of Kazakhstanis for Government Efficiency: Features and Factors

A.K. Zhunussova — 2025-09-30

The article examines the complex phenomenon of socio-political hope in Kazakhstani society, considering its intricate nature and its impact on the sentiments, expectations, and political behavior of citizens. Based on extensive theoretical and empirical data, as well as the author's own research findings, the study explores the content and conditions for the formation of Kazakhstanis’ hope for government efficiency. The article analyzes the concept of hope, its role for society, and identifies the conditions under which it can serve as a favorable foundation for state and social development or exacerbate socio-political risks.

The author emphasizes that this plays a crucial role in shaping trust in the state, its institutions, and representatives, as well as in raising expectations for improved performance of government bodies, contributing to the stability of the state and the maintenance of the political system. It is noted that the unfulfilled expectations and loss of hope may lead to an increase in public protest. The research results allow conclusions to be drawn about the potential stabilizing and destabilizing effects of hope for Kazakhstanis in the present and near future.

The announcement of political reforms reflects an intention for change, fostering new expectations and hopes. However, it is important to note that political programs do not always effectively explain the real mechanisms of the reforms or how they differ from previous initiatives. This highlights the growing relevance of effectively communicating political changes, particularly in the context of the New Kazakhstan.

Ideology and the Kazakh Press (Content Analysis of «Qazaq аdebieti» materials)

M.A. Kaiyrbek — 2025-09-30

This article presents a comparative analysis of the evolution of state ideological concepts in Kazakhstan from 2015 to 2025, where 2015–2019 marks the late presidency of N. Nazarbayev and 2019–2025 represents the first five years of K.-J. Tokayev’s rule. The study employs a decade-long content analysis of publications in the newspaper "Qazaq ádebieti" (Kazakh Literature), selected as a primary platform for the views of Kazakh intellectuals. A radical paradigm shift is revealed: from the dominance of historical-conservative narratives under Nazarbayev (Rukhani Zhangyru, Máńgilik El) to Tokayev’s pragmatic socio-legal agenda (Just Kazakhstan, Taza Qazaqstan, Rule of Law, Adal Azamat [Man of integrity], rehabilitation of the Alash heritage, digitalization, and AI). The research highlights the transformed role of intellectuals: from "guardians of tradition" to agents modernizing public consciousness. Global and domestic challenges (the pandemic, the Ukraine war, January 2022 events) accelerated shifts toward economic sovereignty and social justice. The study’s novelty lies in proving a direct correlation between political changes, the evolution of media discourse, and reimagined national identity.

Pride and prejudice: how trust in institutions may affect nation-building processes in Kazakhstan

K.T. Kovyazina — 2025-09-30

For decades, Kazakhstan has been in search of a national idea that will unite its citizens regardless of their ethnic, religious, and regional origins. A number of programs were introduced to enhance the sense of shared history and belonging to our country; some of them were more successful, some – less. However, there is a clearly overlooked factor that may affect the sense of belonging to a state, whether a citizen feels comfortable and cared for by it.

In my article, I want to explore how trust in public institutions may affect the nation-building processes in Kazakhstan. For this aim, I employed the dataset of the World Values Survey for Kazakhstan (7^th wave). The results show a positive and statistically significant association between the trust in police, government, and courts, on one side, and the pride in Kazakhstan, and the sense of belonging to a local place of residence, on the other side. The findings also demonstrate that there is a statistically significant negative association between feeling close to a place of residence and the propensity to protest.

The Digital Age and political propaganda: shaping public opinion in the context of information globalization (using the example of the presidential election campaigns in the United States and Russia in 2024 and the referendum in Kazakhstan)

M.K. Dyussembekova — 2025-09-30

This article is dedicated to studying the impact of digital technologies on political propaganda in the context of information globalization. The aim of the research is to analyze the mechanisms of public opinion formation under the influence of the digital environment. The scientific significance of the work lies in the study of the evolution of political communication methods, including targeting, personalization, and the spread of disinformation. The practical significance is in developing recommendations for countering the manipulation of public consciousness.

The research methodology includes content analysis of political messages, case studies of digital campaigns, and comparative analysis of political propaganda methods in countries with different political regimes. Examples include political campaigns in the USA and Russia (2024) and the referendum on the construction of a nuclear power plant in Kazakhstan. The main findings showed that the use of personalized advertising, disinformation, and the influence of opinion leaders have significantly changed political processes. Information globalization facilitates the rapid spread of news but simultaneously increases the polarization of public opinion.

The contribution of the article lies in deepening the understanding of the impact of the digital environment on political propaganda and providing recommendations for enhancing the stability of democratic processes. The practical value of the results lies in their potential application in combating disinformation and improving the effectiveness of political communication.

Political Strategies in the Gulf Cooporation Council (GCC) Countries in the Face of Declining Oil Demand: Critical Risks and Solutions

B.A. Amanbek — 2025-09-30

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have long been heavily reliant on oil revenues to fuel their economies and facilitate political stability. However, the global transition towards renewable energy, combined with fluctuating oil prices and the global push to mitigate climate change, poses a significant challenge to the traditional oil-dependent economies of the Gulf region. This research explores the political strategies that GCC states are adopting in response to the declining demand for oil and the strategic risks associated with these changes. We identify key political risks such as economic diversification challenges, political instability, unemployment, and the potential for social unrest. Furthermore, the paper examines the shift in governance, state-society relations, and international diplomacy as a response to these risks. By analyzing policy adaptations, such as Vision 2030 in Saudi Arabia, the UAE’s diversification efforts, and Qatar’s shift towards non-hydrocarbon sectors, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of these strategies in mitigating the risks of oil demand reduction. We also discuss the role of regional collaboration and the potential for GCC countries to adopt a more integrated approach to economic diversification. The research concludes by proposing a set of political and economic solutions to help GCC countries reduce their dependency on oil, enhance governance frameworks, and increase regional collaboration to ensure long-term stability and sustainable development.

Integration of Kazakhstan into the global educational space: a retrospective and prospective analysis of internationalization

Zh.Yе. Nurbayev — 2025-09-30

In the current context of globalization, the internationalization of higher education has become a key factor in improving educational quality, fostering scientific research, and strengthening international ties. As part of its integration into the global educational environment, Kazakhstan faces a number of challenges that hinder the attractiveness and competitiveness of its universities on the international stage. These include limited access to international scientific resources, misalignment of academic programs with global standards, and others. This study aims to analyze the integration of Kazakhstani universities into the global educational space. The internationalization of higher education requires an interdisciplinary approach that unites knowledge from various fields such as international relations, sociology, economics, political science, pedagogy, history, and more. The objective of this research is to examine the process of higher education internationalization in Kazakhstan, identifying the challenges and prospects for integration into the global educational space, which may contribute to the successful incorporation of national universities into the world education system with an emphasis on expanding international academic cooperation.

Exploring the Socio-Economic and Environmental Determinants of International Migration Flows in Mongolia

A. Shugatai — 2025-09-30

During the socialist period, Mongolian citizens had limited rights to settle and travel abroad. The migration of the population was carried out only under the strict control of the state and for specific purposes. Since 1990, Mongolia has undergone significant political and socio-economic reforms, marking the beginning of a transition to a market economy with a free and democratic system. As a result, citizens of Mongolia have the opportunity to freely choose their place of residence; consequently, the number of Mongolian citizens moving abroad is not decreasing.. Instead, international migration flows are significantly increasing year by year. Over the past thirty years, thousands of Mongolian citizens have left their native homeland for foreign countries seeking better lives.. The mass migration of young people of labor-force age to foreign countries, who are an integral part of the country's social resources, has become a sensitive and pressing problem facing Mongolian society. This research is focused on large numbers of international migrants who have migrated to foreign countries and the reasons why people want to leave their homeland. This study illustrates how and why increasing international migration from Mongolia is occurring, and what social, economic, and environmental factors influence the flow of international migration. Factors such as economic instability, high unemployment and poverty rates, and environmental pollution are key drivers of their decision to migrate from Mongolia.

The impact of migration on the socio-economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan

A. Muhametzhanova — 2025-09-30

This article outlines the migration policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its impact on the labor resources within the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The primary objective of Kazakhstan’s migration policy was to mitigate the negative effects of migration processes while preserving and enhancing the country's national identity and security, primarily by reducing illegal migration and fostering selective migration.

A statistical analysis of external migration, including both emigrants and immigrants, and its effects on the economic, social, and political landscape of the Republic of Kazakhstan is presented. The article provides historical insights into migration trends from the post-Soviet space prior to the pandemic in 2020, along with an exploration of initiatives related to the digital labor exchange system. A common digital system for tracking emigrants and immigrants throughout the EAEU is proposed. Kazakhstan’s migration policy requires adaptation to changes in regional and global labor markets and is therefore also aimed at stabilizing the demographic situation. In addition, the effective use of human capital and the attraction of highly skilled specialists from abroad contribute to the country’s innovative development. In managing migration processes, the importance of international cooperation and integration mechanisms is steadily increasing.

The main stages of the formation of historical memory in Kazakhstan

G. Zhumagalikyzy — 2025-09-30

The article considers the main stages of formation of historical memory in Kazakhstan, which reflect the changes in political, social and cultural conditions. Their analysis shows that historical memory in Kazakhstan has adapted to political and cultural changes, while remaining an important tool for the formation of national consciousness. At the same time, the problem is that historical memory can serve as a tool for nation-building, but at the same time it can also generate conflicts and tensions, especially due to differences in the interpretation of historical events.

The approach used by traditional European historical science, based on the «principle of soil» is unacceptable for the study of the history of nomadic peoples, in particular, the Kazakhs. Also, the limitation of the analysis to the modern territory of Kazakhstan, due to the relatively recent appearance of the self-name “Kazakhs”, leads to ignoring the prehistory and historical roots of the Kazakh people.

In this regard, the expediency of studying the Kazakh nomadic civilization on the basis of the «principle of blood», i.e., following the continuity of clans, generations and traditions is justified. This implies the study of the history of Kazakh clans before the formation of the Kazakh nationhood.

It is also proposed to get rid of the definition of the period of Kazakhstan's presence in the Russian Empire and then Soviet Russia as “colonial”, which has a negative connotation that cannot but affect the perception of this rather long historical period. For this purpose, it is necessary to abandon ideological bias and try to conceptualize the relationship between historical experience and current diplomatic realities.

An important component of the strategic development of modern Kazakhstan is the formation of national identity, preservation of cultural heritage through reproduction in the historical memory of society is. At present, an important aspect of the development of a new model of national history of Kazakhstan has become its international character.

As a result, it is concluded that it is necessary to form a new historical worldview by updating the empirical and theoretical-methodological base. It should be taken into account that scientific and technological progress generates new means of commemorating the past, which determine the process of virtualization of historical memory.

Middle East and Central Asia Global Trends Impact on the Countries of the Region

M. Yendibay — 2025-09-30

The article examines the negative impact of global trends that have engulfed the world on the countries of the Middle East and Central Asia and the issue of ensuring security from threats. Currently, the impact on the Middle East and Central Asia of the problems of the economic crisis, inflation, unemployment, investment outflow, tension between Russia and Ukraine, the growth of conflict points in the regions, conflict between actors, etc. is being analyzed. Passive threats, known today in the Middle East and Central Asia and which in the future may overshadow its range, will also become the core of the article and will be subjected to serious analysis.

Recently, an even greater aggravation of the situation between Israel and Palestine has been considered, as well as the intensification and strengthening of the Israeli military operation in the Gaza Strip, which the world is watching, and the aggravation of relations between the parties.

The influence of external actors on regional trends in the Middle East and Central Asia is also analyzed.

Religious coexistence in modern Egypt: challenges, politics and prospects

A.S. Kassym — 2025-09-30

Modern Egypt is a multiethnic and multi-confessional society in which Islam plays a dominant role, however, representatives of Christianity and other religious movements make up part of the population. The article analyzes the features of religious coexistence in modern Egypt, which is a multi-religious society with the predominant role of Islam. The article examines the legal status of religious minorities, including Copts, Shiites and Jews, and their relationship with the state and the Sunni majority. The influence of historical factors such as the colonial era, modernization and political transformations of the XX–XXI centuries on the religious policy of the country is investigated. The author pays special attention to issues of discrimination, religious extremism and the legal regulation of interfaith relations. The article analyzes government initiatives to ensure tolerance, as well as the problems of their implementation. The contradiction between the official guarantees of religious freedoms and the actual restrictions faced by non-Muslim groups is emphasized. Special emphasis is placed on the situation of Copts, who, despite their formal equality, experience social and legal barriers. The article discusses the prospects of religious coexistence, depending on internal reforms and international pressure. The research is relevant for specialists in Oriental studies, religious studies and political science, as well as for studying the mechanisms of interaction between the state and religion.

Internal and external factors influencing the transformation of the traditional marriage ceremony

D. Iliyaskyzy — 2025-09-30

During the era of the Joseon Dynasty the wedding ceremony held special significance and was accompanied by numerous traditions and rituals. Although most of them have been forgotten, some are still preserved to this day. The purpose of this article is to explore Korean traditional weddings starting from the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910), analyze the influence of internal and external factors on the transformation of wedding traditions, conduct a historical analysis of the order of a traditional wedding ceremony, study changes in Korean wedding ceremonies and their preservation in a globalized world, as well as research the procedure of a modern wedding ceremony. The author highlights traditional wedding ceremonies that almost disappeared in the 1960s but were revived in 1982 under the name «traditional wedding». Historical and anthropological analysis, general theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis, abstraction), document and source analysis were applied in this work. The author also conducted a documentary analysis of laws that influence the transformation and simplification of traditional weddings. As a result of the conducted research, the author carried out a comparative analysis of traditional and modern weddings in South Korea and concluded that globalization has a significant influence on the transformation of wedding ceremonies. It was also noted that wedding rituals in Korea are regulated by the government. Hypothesis: Koreans have preserved the traditional wedding, but have changed some of its elements, partly influenced by modern Western elements, and have successfully synthesized it with Western elements. The traditional wedding ceremony has been «reorganized» in accordance with the requirements of modern society. The traditional wedding ceremony has been

reorganized» to meet the requirements of modern society.

Cultural and humanitarian cooperation between Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in the late twentieth and first quarter of the 21st century: prerequisites and legal basis

A.I. Uryustyumova — 2025-09-30

This article is devoted to the importance of cultural and humanitarian cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan with neighboring states, CIS countries, Central Asian states, countries of the Turkic civilization and other world countries after Kazakhstan gained independence. Special attention is paid to the fact that such contacts represent an effective and peaceful way of developing international relations. The article examines in detail various aspects of cultural and humanitarian cooperation and defines its forms. The article also highlights the history of cultural and humanitarian interaction with the fraternal Kyrgyz people, who occupy an important place in the cultural ties of Kazakhstan from the moment of independence to the present. The article emphasizes that cultural and humanitarian ties between Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, based on the similarity of language, religion, traditions, history and economy, actively developed and strengthened at the end of the XX century and in the first quarter of the XXI century. The article examines in detail the history of cultural and humanitarian cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the fraternal people of Kyrgyzstan, from the moment of independence to the present. Special attention is paid to Kazakh-Kyrgyz cultural and humanitarian ties, which are based on the similarity of language, religion, traditions, history and economy. The analysis shows that these ties developed and strengthened at the end of the twentieth century and the first quarter of the 21st century.

The article examines the prerequisites for cultural and humanitarian cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic, covering a period of more than thirty years. It analyzes the common interests of the two countries, based on the study of agreements and laws, which mainly have a legal focus. The article demonstrates how effective and peaceful conduct of cultural and humanitarian cooperation can contribute to the development of international relations, using as an example the experience of neighboring fraternal peoples of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

Shokan Ualikhanov’s Contribution to the Study of Eastern Cultures: An Analysis in the Kazakh and Kyrgyz Contexts

A.T. Serubayeva — 2025-09-30

In this article, the authors examine the spiritual and cultural dimensions of the Kazakh and Kyrgyz peoples as reflected in the scientific heritage of Shokan Ualikhanov, drawing on his original works. Ualikhanov’s early years were shaped by an environment deeply rooted in Kazakh history and cultural traditions. From childhood, he was immersed in the oral heritage of the Kazakh and Kyrgyz peoples, absorbing their legends, epics, fairy tales, and folk songs - forms of cultural expression that were widespread and deeply embedded in the life of the people.

Shokan Ualikhanov undertook two expeditions to the Kyrgyz territories in 1856 and 1857. These journeys resulted in several significant works, including “Issyk-Kul Diaries” (1856), “Notes on the Kyrgyz” (1856), and the essay collection “Dzhungaria” (1860). In his research, Ualikhanov placed particular emphasis on the tribal composition and social structure of the Kazakh and Kyrgyz peoples, viewing them through the lens of their nomadic way of life.

The authors analyzed samples of the folk literature of the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz, in particular, genealogies, epics, legends, and stories. Particular attention was paid to the economic traditions, lifestyle, religious beliefs, and worldviews of the two peoples. The article provides comparative analyses of the poems “Edyge”, “Manas”, “Kozy Korpesh Bayan Sulu”, “Er Kokshe Erkosai”, and “Orak Batyr”. In addition, the data related to the Nauryz holiday in Sh. Valikhanov's research, his views, and conclusions are given deeper attention, and their correspondence with the opinions of modern scientists is analyzed.

The authors highlight Shokan Ualikhanov’s assertion that the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz are two distinct ethnic groups as a significant scholarly contribution, particularly in light of his scientific substantiation of their unique anthropological features. Ualikhanov’s observation that, alongside traditional animal husbandry, various cultural and economic forms - such as agriculture, urban settlements, and monastic institutions - coexisted and evolved within Kazakh and Kyrgyz societies remains relevant and thought-provoking even today.

The Common Turkic Terminological Fund as a Basis for International Terminology Unification

Sh. Kurmanbaiuly — 2025-09-30

This article discusses the relevance of creating a common terminology fund for the Turkic nationsand the importance of International unification of terminology. First, the current trends in term formationin the Kazakh and Kyrgyz languages, the differences and similarities in the terminology of the two languages are analyzed and compared using specific examples. It is proved that nowadays due to the weakness of interlingual unification and coordination works, the level of sharing of term formationexperience and mutual terminological borrowing between related languages is decreasing, and the differences in the terminology of the two languages are increasing rapidly. Further, based on the comparative terminological dictionary of 9 Turkic languages in Economics, Linguistics and Military, published by the Turkic Academy, common terms and differences in the terminology of the languages of modern Turkic nations are analyzed by comparing and contrasting them. The results of these analyses also indicate that the differences in the terminology of the languages of Turkic peoples are increasing year by year rather than their common features. Based on the results of linguistic analyses conducted on the terminology of Kazakh-Kyrgyz and several other Turkic languages, the need for modern Turkic nations to agree and coordinate their terminological issues, to pay special attention to the interlingual and international unification of their terms, and the relevance of creating a Common Turkic Terminology Fund are scientifically formulated. The internal and external sources that serve as the basis for creating a Common Turkic Terminology Fund and the terminological work that should be carried out sequentially during the International unification of terminology are mentioned, and the ways to conduct them are outlined. It is recommended to establish a competent commission, such as TurkTerKom, which would professionally conduct and coordinate this extensive terminological work that should be carried out at the interstate and interlingual levels, and a special Terminology Institute with international status that would scientifically support its work.

Repatriates in Kazakhstan: adaptation and socio-cultural issues

Zh. Saiyn — 2025-09-30

The article examines the adaptation processes of qandas who repatriated to Kazakhstan after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The focus is on the cultural and linguistic adaptation of qandas from Iran and Uzbekistan. The research relies on the theory of cultural adaptation and employs interviews, surveys, and observations to analyze the influencing factors. The study explores challenges and barriers faced by qandas, such as language difficulties, differences in cultural norms, social isolation, and lack of institutional support. Through personal stories of repatriates, key adaptation strategies are identified: striving to preserve ethnocultural identity or, conversely, rapid assimilation by adopting local norms. Particular attention is given to the role of individual traits, educational level, and social environment in the success of the adaptation process.

The analysis of repatriates' stories also reveals the impact of social stereotypes and shortcomings in state policies on the integration process. The authors emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach, including material, social, and cultural support, to facilitate the adaptation of qandas in Kazakhstan.

The article is of interest to researchers in migration processes, ethnocultural identity, and social integration.

The historical, geopolitical, and cultural-poetic concept of the name “Turkestan”

A.A. Zhalmyrza — 2025-09-30

The term “Turkestan” represents a multifaceted phenomenon that encapsulates the unity of the Turkic world, its shared cultural-historical continuity, and its civilizational code. Throughout history, this name has transcended its initial role as a mere geographical toponym, evolving into a concept imbued with profound ethno-cultural semiotics and extensive chronotopic dimensions. Turkestan is conceived as a civilizational center that, over the centuries, has shaped the statehood traditions of Turkic ethnoses, their cultural-intellectual space, and their spiritual and mythopoetic worldview. Its significance extends beyond spatial characteristics, manifesting in symbolic and ideological dimensions as well. The concept of Turkestan plays a pivotal role in preserving the civilizational unity of the Turkic world.

This study aims to analyze the historical evolution of the term “Turkestan,” its geopolitical transformations, and its representation in literary and cultural discourse. Documentary evidence confirms that since the 7th century, the term “Turkestan”—alongside Turan—has been employed both officially and with notable semantic weight. Drawing upon medieval Arabic, Persian, and Turkic sources (al-Ya‘qubi, Ibn Hawqal, Yusuf Balasaguni, among others), as well as the works of later Orientalists and Turkologists (Bichurin, Mushketov, Barthold, Gasprinsky, etc.), this research examines the diverse semantic layers of the concept.

The methodology of the study incorporates genealogical, comparative, philological-hermeneutic, and semiotic analyses. It is posited that the name “Turkestan” evolved in close association with notions of ethnic identity, political structure, and civilizational integrity across different historical periods.

The historical-geopolitical meaning of the term “Turkestan” has undergone transformations under the influence of political and social factors, and its interpretations have varied according to scholarly paradigms and methodological approaches. In exploring the essence of Turkestan and delineating its boundaries, scholars have relied on historical-geographical, ethnolinguistic, and political frameworks.

The National Liberation Movement in the Turkestan Region (Based on the Materials of the Tatar Press)

K.M. Ilyassova1 — 2025-09-30

The article is devoted to the study of the national liberation movement of the peoples of the Turkestan region during the period of dual power in 1917 on the basis of materials from the Tatar press. In connection with the current new political situation, «Avaz» («Voice»), «Bezn yul» («Our Way»), «Chulpan» («Morning Star»), «Korash» («Struggle»), «Irek» («Freedom») and other social-democratic publications in Tatar and Bashkir languages have become a press promoting the positions of the Bolshevik government, as a result of which social phenomena and events from the daily life of the Tatar, Bashkir and other Turkic-Muslim peoples have gone unnoticed. Thus, the press moved on to popularize the work of creating a class society based on the union of workers and peasants. Therefore, when introducing materials from these sources into scientific circulation, it is extremely important to consider them in continuity with the materials of national periodicals representing the interests of the Turkic-Muslim peoples of the Turkestan region. After all, the contents of materials in newspapers issued in the Tatar language in Tashkent and in the national press, published with labels such as «Flag of Unity» and «Alash» echo each other. The newspaper's pages highlighted the problems of the Muslim population of the Turkestan region, their liberation struggle for freedom and independence, as well as the socio-political activities of their leaders.

The Bolsheviks, who dissolved the All-Russian Kuryltai, strengthened themselves in the central regions of Russia, including in the Volga-Ural region. In this regard, national democratic publications in these regions are being oppressed and are beginning to close down. Thus, the newspaper «Vakyt», published in Orenburg, ceased its activities first in 1918. Soon the editorial offices of such newspapers as «Koyash», «Tormysh», «Yoldyz» were closed by the Soviet authorities. Instead, the Soviet government began to publish newspapers of a social-democratic orientation, such as «Chulpan». Thus, national publications are being displaced and propaganda work is carried out through the Bolshevik-oriented press. The newspaper «Chulpan» advertised that in the spring of 1918, the Council of People's Commissars decided on the Soviet Tatar-Bashkir Republic, and that now the attempts of such national figures as G. Iskhaki on the way to creating national autonomy should be perceived by other peoples of the East as an empty hassle.

Judging by the materials of the Tatar press reflecting the socio-political life of the Turkic-Muslim peoples of the Turkestan region, it can be seen that the situation in this region was difficult. Newspapers and magazines described the collapse of the Russian Empire as a result of the October Revolution, followed by the establishment of a one-party system based on the oppression of the population throughout the country. However, subsequent events showed that the Bolshevik government destroyed the press of the Turkic-speaking peoples, which served the will and interests of the people and instead began to publish a large number of newspapers and magazines agitating for the creation of a class society and party organs.

Newspaper articles from the beginning of the last century published in the Tatar language and the works of researchers written about the Turkic-Muslim movement as a whole were used as sources in the work.

On the issue of genesis of the traditional dwelling of Turkic peoples

G.O. Ibrayeva — 2025-09-30

The article attempts to illuminate culturologically the theoretical and methodological genesis issues of Turkic traditional dwelling within the framework of historical ethnology through the value content of culture, which is the basis of self-organisation of any ethnos.

The article contains a brief descriptions of the cultural code of traditional Turkic mobile dwellings on the basis of comparative-cultural analysis of open historical data obtained as a result of archaeological and ethnographic studies of different times with the aim to find common semantic elements of a unified cultural code.

The traditional mobile dwelling of the ancient autochthonous inhabitants of the Great Steppe and the Kazakh people - kiiz uy, one of the modern representatives of the Turkic ethnos, whose common proto-Turkic ethno- and glottogenesis, historical zone of habitation and cultural-historical community were connected with the vast area of the Eurasian steppes, was chosen as an analogue.

Lexical-semantic structure of taboos related to disease names in Turkic languages

B.R. Kulzhanova — 2025-09-30

Taboos arose in ancient times on the basis of mythological beliefs. The thematic groups of taboos consist of a wide variety of areas. In the study, we will consider ancient and modern taboos related to diseases. In ancient times, the disease was imagined as an angry spirit that destroys everything in its path, so it was feared to call it by its correct name.

During the work, special attention was paid to the concept and content in determining the lexical-semantic structure of taboos in the English and Turkic worlds. Examples of disease names created through taboos and euphemisms were given and analyzed. Taboo words, collections of taboo words, etymological dictionaries, medical terms, and other linguistic materials were used as sources of research.

The main purpose of the research article is to identify groups of diseases whose names are forbidden, determine their degree, and analyze the motives for the prohibition.

We conclude that the concept

The Sacred and Ethnocultural Code of Kazakh Jewelry Chrematonyms

Sh.T. Kudyarova — 2025-09-30

This article explores the names of jewelry items, their mythic-semantic meanings and interpretations, thematic-lexical categories, and usage peculiarities. At the intersection of language and culture, it is crucial to uncover the inner essence, cultural semantics, and sacred-pragmatic significance of archetypal, mythical, and symbolic linguocultural units related to the art of jewelry. Jewelry encodes standards, stereotypes, and symbols that reflect national spirit through metaphors preserved in paremiological and phraseological systems. These culturally marked elements are transmitted from generation to generation, revealing the spiritual worldview of the Kazakh people. The study aims to decode the ethnocultural meanings embedded in women’s adornmentssuch as bracelets (bilezik), facial beads (betmonshak), rings (zhuzik, sakinа), pendants (zhyrga), earrings (syrga), buttons (tuyme), hair ornaments (shashbau), and decorative chains (sholpy, shytyra)through data preserved in phraseology and paremiology. These jewelry items are not only indicators of beauty or wealth but also serve as ritualistic, mythical-sacred, and functional objects, with their traditional use, age-specific variations, and practical applications considered key subjects of study. Additionally, jewelry is examined as a historical source, with attention to its functional meanings, regional features, and distinctions based on age.

Peculiarities of the use of Armenian script by representatives of steppe nomads

T. Moldabay — 2025-09-30

The article examines the issue of the Armenian script used by the Kipchaks, who are recognized as prominent representatives of the steppe nomads, and establishes its place in the history of writing. The study analyzes the stages of the Kipchaks' use of the Armenian script and based on the language of specific written monuments, explores the function of this script within the disciplines of writing history and cultural studies. It provides a brief overview of Armenian-Kipchak written monuments from Eastern Europe and Crimea and critically reviews scholarly opinions concerning the language of these monuments. The research investigates the distinctive features of Armenian graphemes as applied to the phonology of the Kipchak language, examining the relationship between the writing signs and phonological units. An extensive review of the work of scholars who have engaged with these texts is presented, along with an analysis of the challenges they faced during transliteration and transcription processes. Studying the periods of Armenian script usage by the Kipchaks uncovers new linguistic data and allows for a deeper understanding of the functional characteristics of this writing system. The analysis of differing scholarly perspectives on the language of Armenian-Kipchak monuments highlights the complexity and diversity of academic approaches and reflects the evolution of research methodologies. The difficulties encountered by researchers in transliteration and transcription are identified as significant ongoing issues within contemporary philology.