Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series.

The Genesis of the Cult of Holy Women: Pre-Islamic and Islamic Connections

2026-04-02T05:55:13+00:00

The article is devoted to the study of the cult of holy women among Turkic peoples. The study of the cult of holy women allows us to trace the origin of the concept “woman” in the history of mankind and the inherent functional characteristics of women.

The purpose of the study is to determine the genesis of the cult of holy women based on the history of development and culture of Turkic peoples. To realize the goal of the research work, the tasks of analyzing the genesis of the genesis of the cult of holy women on the cultural-historical, historical-genetic basis in accordance with the links of pre-Islamic and Islamic periods, generalization and selection of the names of holy women that took place in the worldview of Turkic peoples, interpretation of the origin and activities in the people's society.

Within the framework of scientific research in order to study the genesis of the cult of women saints, the following methods were used: selection of names, comparative analysis of common features and peculiarities of the cult of saints in relation to women, characteristic of Turkic peoples, as well as interpretation of the significance of the cult of women saints in the formation and development of the worldview of the people in accordance with the above two main periods, characteristic of national culture and religion, heart and spiritual consciousness.

The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that it is of value in studying the genesis of the cult of women saints in Turkic peoples and its analysis in accordance with the history of specific periods, as it allows for a visual description of the role of women in national history, culture, intercultural communication and, most importantly, the revival of spiritual knowledge. The systemic results of the work, in accordance with the theoretical conclusions, determine the practical significance of the study, the material of which can be used in special courses on intercultural communication, culture, history and literature of Turkic peoples.

Religious Concepts in the Language of the Written Monument Codex Cumanicus: Turkic Worldview and Semantic Evolution

2025-10-12T11:16:32+00:00

The article presents a linguistic analysis of the religious lexicon in the medieval manuscript «Codex Cumanicus». The research focuses on religious concepts such as payγambar (prophet), šeriat (sharia), oruç (fast), qurban (sacrifice), sadaqa/sadaγa (alms), täube (repentance), šükür (gratitude), sabur (patience), medet (help), and niуet (intention). The article examines their usage features in the language of the medieval manuscript, phonetic characteristics, and historical development. Historical-comparative, phonetic, and semantic methods were applied, and the adaptation features of Arabic-Persian terms to the Turkic linguistic environment were identified. As a result, it is shown that the religious lexicon of the manuscript is systematically formed, and the role of Turkic peoples in the religious and cultural system is reflected. The findings of the article can serve as an important scientific source for studying the historical lexicology and religious terminology of Turkic languages. By analyzing the semantic structure of the mentioned religious lexis, the authors identify the patterns of formation of confessional terms in the medieval Kipchak language. During the study, particular attention is paid to the linguo-cultural features resulting from the synthesis of Islamic concepts with the Turkic worldview. In this regard, the genetic continuity of the analyzed terminological layer with the lexical fund of the modern Kazakh language is scientifically substantiated.

The traditional character of the seven concepts in the Kazakh and Turkish peoples

2026-03-07T13:46:20+00:00

Every nation has its own sacred numbers. The number seven is shrouded in the traditions and culture of the Kazakh and Turkish people. Both the Kazakh people and the Turkish people consider the number seven to be a sacred concept and use it in their daily lives and traditions. Belief in this number appeared not so long ago. It has long been believed that every number has secret meanings. Based on this, it was believed that some numbers bring a person good luck, and some-bad luck. In accordance with this, in connection with the number seven, there are studies by both Kazakh and Turkish scientists. Based on the work of these scientists, the features characteristic of the two peoples were considered. This article compares the seven numbers of the Kazakh and Turkish peoples in terms of their use in traditions and culture, folklore. The customs and traditions of both nations indicate that the meeting of the number seven does not happen by chance, but by culture and traditions, by the similarity of folklore characters. The similarities, peculiarities, and educational significance of the seven concepts in the traditions, culture, and folklore of the Kazakh and Turkish peoples will also be analyzed and compared. The article broadly states that the seven concepts are a people's forbidding, a belief, a concept born from protecting a person, a child, from the possessors of an external force. This research paper is based on previous works by Kazakh and Turkish scientists concerning the number seven, and examines the features of fairy-tale legends, culture, customs, and worldviews of both peoples. The peculiarity of the article is that the number seven is reflected in the national traditions and culture of the Kazakh and Turkish people, in the rituals of the two peoples, in many rituals and superstitions performed on the occasion of the birth and death of mankind, and in mythical folklore. Traditions and culture, folklore have always been our spiritual value; therefore, for the Turkic world, one of the relevant topics is the common ties between the Kazakh and Turkish peoples, the wealth in traditions, folklore and culture.

Naxalites and Indian Security Issues: Approaches to Studying the Issue

2026-03-25T12:02:21+00:00

International terrorism is one of the most destructive non-State aggressive actors in modern international relations. The analysis of the forms of terrorist activity shows its close connection with national, religious, ethnic conflicts, separatist, and liberation movements. At the same time, the causes of the emergence and development of terrorism are inextricably linked to problems covering all spheres of human society. First of all, with unresolved issues of socio-economic and political development in national and regional formats, as well as the factor of social inequality.

In our opinion, in this context, the causes and features of the doctrinal basis of the Naxalite movement in the Republic of India, one of the major states of South Asia, are of particular interest for studying. Special emphasis is placed on the evolution of the Naxalite movement against the background of contradictions in Indian-Chinese interstate relations. Furthermore, this article considers methodological approaches to studying threats to India's internal security and provides a scientific analysis of the Naxalite movement's impact on regional stability. The results and conclusions of the research make a significant contribution to a deeper understanding of the problems of modern extremism and separatism in South Asia, as well as to assessing the role of non-state aggressive actors in the international security system.

Eurasianism and Role Theory: Conceptual Insights from Kazakhstan’s Foreign Policy (1991-2019)

2026-03-20T02:06:48+00:00

This article uses role theory to examine how Eurasianism shaped Kazakhstan’s national role conception during the formative decades of its independence (1991-2019). Drawing on presidential speeches, strategic documents and secondary analyses, it traces how President Nursultan Nazarbayev recast Eurasianism from a geographical label into a strategic role identity-the “Eurasian Bridge.” Building on Kalevi Holsti’s concept of National Role Conceptions (NRCs), the article argues that Eurasianism functioned as a foreign-policy role that linked domestic imperatives of interethnic harmony with an external orientation of balance and cooperation.

The analysis shows how this Eurasian Bridge role underpinned Kazakhstan’s multi-vector foreign policy, informed its pattern of institutional alignments across Eurasian and Euro-Atlantic fora, and shaped its security framing as one of cooperative, region-wide threat management rather than bloc confrontation.

Empirically, the case illustrates how a mid-sized post-Soviet state converted structural “in-betweenness” into diplomatic agency by constructing a mediating role between Russia, China and the West.

Theoretically, the article contributes to Foreign Policy Analysis by demonstrating how an elite-driven civilizational idea can be translated into a durable national role conception and by highlighting the value of integrating role theory with small-state diplomacy in Eurasia.

The impact of the Ukrainian crisis on the global food system

2026-01-27T06:45:49+00:00

The article provides a brief analysis of the global food problem, its influencing factors, and consequences. The world community has been trying to solve this problem for a long time, but the emergence of reasons such as the coronavirus pandemic, various conflicts, continues to increase the gap between supply and demand, and threatens global economic growth. In addition, the article discusses and examines the impact of the latest geopolitical waves, especially the Ukrainian crisis, on the World Food Issue on the basis of statistical data. It is known that this crisis has caused various problems on the world stage, and the impact on the food system creates a number of difficulties, such as rising prices, difficulty finding other carriers, declining quality, and reduced arable land. According to statistics, the two main actors of the crisis – Ukraine and Russia-are the largest players in food production and trade. For example, Ukraine and Russia are among the five largest exporters of barley, sunflower, and corn in the world, and they account for a third of the world's wheat exports. Finding an alternative source of supply for certain agricultural products can be very difficult and unlikely even in the long run. The already serious food problem is becoming even more acute in a number of developing countries that depend on exports from Ukraine and Russia. The costs incurred by the conflicting parties are also important. Information about the measures taken by international organizations and other factors to solve the problem is also discussed in the article. Such issues and a number of forecasts and suggestions for the future will be outlined in the article.

Cooperation between the United Nations and the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of environmental safety

2026-02-18T13:28:34+00:00

The paper outlines the main directions and features of bilateral cooperation between the UN and Kazakhstan in the field of environmental security, focusing on the signed legal acts. Based on the analysis of official sources, as well as domestic and foreign literature, joint projects and initiatives in the field of environmental cooperation have been considered. Problems and challenges faced by bilateral relations between the UN and Kazakhstan at the present stage, such as financing, low institutional capacity, the problem of introducing new technologies, and others, are considered. This allows for giving recommendations for solving problems in these aspects. The analysis of cooperation between the United Nations and the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of environmental security allowed us to get a full picture of its impact on environmental security and the sustainable development of the Republic. The practical significance of this study lies in the possibility of its results being utilized by state authorities in the development of new environmental programs. The conclusions formulated in the paper contribute to a deeper scientific understanding of the role of international organizations in addressing regional environmental problems.

The Mutual Influence of Religion and Political Ideology in Contemporary Kazakhstan

2026-01-27T08:30:57+00:00

This article provides a comprehensive examination of the role and influence of religion within the ideological space of contemporary Kazakhstan. The study explores spiritual and social transformations of the post-Soviet period, presenting religion as a significant factor in the country’s cultural and political development. The author argues that religion has moved beyond the boundaries of faith and tradition to become a powerful social institution shaping public consciousness and national ideology.

The paper analyzes the institutionalization of religious organizations, the evolution of Kazakhstan’s confessional landscape, and the functioning of religious institutions under a secular framework. The confessional structure is categorized into three levels: traditional religions (Islam, Orthodoxy), historically established confessions (Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism), and new religious movements that emerged during the independence period. The cultural dialogue between Islam and Christianity is identified as a vital element of national stability and spiritual security.

Special emphasis is placed on the transnational dimension of religion, including its interaction with external spiritual centers and ideological influences. The scientific novelty of the study lies in conceptualizing religion not merely as a spiritual phenomenon, but as an integral component of Kazakhstan’s ideological and cultural policy. The findings offer theoretical and practical insights into the interconnection of religion, ideology, and spiritual security in the context of globalization.

Internal environmental migration in Kazakhstan: the experience of political analysis

2026-03-25T12:17:30+00:00

The article is devoted to the political analysis of internal environmental migration, considered in the context of social stability, national security and regional development. Internal ecological migration in Kazakhstan is an important socio-political phenomenon caused by environmental degradation and changes in climatic conditions. The article uses methods of regulatory framework analysis, statistical analysis, and comparative analysis. Possible policy strategies to reduce the negative effects of internal environmental migration are being considered, including infrastructure development, encouraging effective management of migration flows, and strengthening environmental control. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that there is a need for an integrated approach to solving the problems of environmental migration, involving the integration of environmental, economic and political measures. The importance of further research in this area is emphasized for the formation of an effective migration policy that contributes to the sustainable development of the country.

Furthermore, the study provides a detailed analysis of the direct impact of environmental factors not only on population displacement but also on internal political stability. The authors pay particular attention to improving the interaction mechanisms between government bodies and local self-government institutions in addressing the challenges faced by climate refugees. In this context, the effective regulation of internal migration flows is presented as a vital tool for maintaining the country's demographic balance and ensuring regional security.

International standards and National policy for ensuring the rights of ethnocultural communities in Kazakhstan

2026-01-08T06:51:40+00:00

The article provides an in-depth analysis of the role of international legal standards in protecting the rights of ethnocultural communities within the context of forming a unified civil nation in Kazakhstan. The authors conduct a comprehensive review of fundamental instruments, including the UN Declaration on the Rights of Minorities, the International Covenants on Human Rights, the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

Particular emphasis is placed on the harmonization of supranational norms with the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study notes that international principles have been successfully integrated into the Constitution and sectoral acts regulating education, state language policy, and the activities of ethnocultural associations. Special attention is paid to Kazakhstan’s state policy on national consolidation and support for cultural pluralism. The functional role of the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan is revealed as a core mechanism for implementing the model of interethnic unity. The Kazakhstani model of interethnic relations is characterized as a stable system that guarantees equal rights for all citizens and complies with global standards. The authors conclude that there is a high degree of adaptation of universal human rights norms to specific national conditions. The importance of systemic and inclusive approaches to maintaining stability and ensuring long-term social development is argued.

Latest trends in development of Middle Power Policy in the context of Global Economic Crisis (case of South Caucasus and Central Asia)

2026-03-19T06:08:14+00:00

The article analyzes some new trends in development of the World’s Politics and Economics in rapidly changing global environment caused by the consequences of the 2019 Pandemic crisis and conflicts in Ukraine and Middle East, their impact on some regions, including the South Caucasus and Central Asia. Polarization of the whole system of international economic relations has sped up the search for updated models of global cooperation. In parallel with different risks, the global crisis has also opened a door for newly appeared opportunities, approaches and models of international activities. In this respect, the attempt is made to analyze the updated role and increased importance of the so called “Middle Power Countries” particularly “Middle Power Transit Countries” based on development of intraregional economic projects, like “Middle Transport Corridor” binding strategically significant Western and Eastern marketplaces. A number of concluding recommendations have been made in the context of further academic and practical study of the abovementioned topic of the article.

Furthermore, the study emphasizes how Georgia and Kazakhstan serve as pivotal hubs within this emerging "Middle Transport Corridor," fostering deeper integration between European and Asian economies. Ultimately, it argues that these geopolitical shifts necessitate a collective strategic approach to ensure long-term stability and sustainable economic growth across the Eurasian landmass.

Comparative analyses of trends in the development of national higher education systems: the case of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan

2026-03-26T14:40:29+00:00

The article presents a comparative analysis of current trends in the development of higher education systems in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Key aspects are considered, including education financing, relevance of curricula, the state of science and innovation. Despite the common Soviet past, the countries demonstrate both similar problems - the mismatch of graduates with labor market requirements, lack of flexible skills, limited scientific base - and differences in approaches to reforms and the pace of their implementation. Both countries have typically implemented education reforms since independence, developing educational policies and programs consistent with the new economic regime and expanding investments in the physical and qualitative improvement of education. They view the education sector as a key component of their poverty reduction and economic growth strategies. Uzbekistan, a former Soviet republic, undertook a bold transformation of its education system, initiating a full-scale education reform in 1992. By 2015, the reforms were aimed at universal access and improving the quality of education. In the case of Kazakhstan, since independence in 1991, education development programs have also been continuously developed and implemented, along with institutional preparation for education system reform. The Programs until 2015 resolved to expand state financial support, recognizing the need to reform the education system and qualitatively improve the content of education. The analysis allows us to assess the current state of higher education in the region and identify areas for its further development.

The impact of migration flows on the formation of Sweden’s national identity

2026-03-26T09:57:27+00:00

The scientific article examines the problems of migration processes in Sweden and how these problems have affected national identity in Sweden. In the context of globalization and the information society, the problem of identity crisis is one of the urgent problems. Extensive immigration has caused serious tension in Swedish society and affected the country's national identity. Integration issues currently affect most policy areas. For this reason, the Government often reviews migration policy in order to create better conditions for successful integration.

Over time, Swedish ethno-national politics has evolved from acculturation to multiculturalism. The novelty of the study lies in determining the impact of migration processes on the national identity of Sweden. The practical recommendations for Sweden were formulated, as well as important approaches were identified for the formation and strengthening of national identity that Kazakhstan can borrow from foreign experience. The study focuses on the analysis of Sweden's national policy and its impact on the formation of socio-economic priorities, as well as on the development of interethnic relations in the context of modern challenges.

The results show that migration processes have not only led to demographic diversity in Sweden, but also initiated an active rethinking of national identity. This process is accompanied by opportunities for cultural and social enrichment, as well as challenges related to integration and social cohesion. The presented research contributes to a broader understanding of the relationship between migration and the formation of national identity in a modern multicultural society.

Problems and prospects of ecological diplomacy between China and Kazakhstan in the field of tourism

2026-03-25T12:24:41+00:00

This research paper is devoted to the analysis of the problems of sustainable water use and future prospects in the framework of environmental diplomacy between China and Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan and China, as countries owning a system of transboundary rivers, are closely linked in the field of environmental and water resources. The Irtysh, Ili and other rivers are important sources of water crossing the borders of the two states. The water resources of these rivers are widely used in agriculture, energy, industry and domestic purposes and are of particular importance from the point of view of maintaining ecosystem stability.

However, a number of difficulties arise in the joint and equitable use of water resources. The need for irrigated land and developing industrial complexes in the western regions of China affects Kazakhstan, located in the lower reaches of the river. A decrease in the volume and quality of water threatens Kazakhstan's ecosystem, biodiversity, and socio-economic situation. This situation requires the development of new forms of environmental diplomacy and negotiation mechanisms.

The study analyzed bilateral and multilateral agreements between China and Kazakhstan, water resources management strategies, international law, and Sustainable Development Goals. In addition, the strengths and weaknesses of the two countries' environmental diplomacy were analyzed, and future prospects were presented, such as strengthening institutional partnerships, sharing technologies, creating common monitoring systems, and involving civil society. This study serves as a scientific justification aimed at enhancing the role of environmental diplomacy for the equitable and sustainable use of transboundary waters.

Conflict of political values between generations in the Republic of Kazakhstan: an empirical study

2025-09-30T16:27:44+00:00

This article examines the problem of intergenerational conflict of political values in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Against the background of globalization, digitalization and the rapid development of information technology in the country, there is a divergence of political views and social orientations between different generations. While the older generation tends towards traditional values, stability, and strengthening the role of the state, the younger side of the new generation considers democratic freedoms, active citizenship, and free expression through social media important.

The article analyzes the historical, social, and cultural causes of intergenerational political differences and examines their impact on political legitimacy, civic unity, and democratic processes in society.

The theoretical essence of the research is a thorough study of the mechanisms of formation and spread of conflict of political values between generations in the context of social transformation of Kazakh society.

The practical significance of the study is the opportunity to identify the identified patterns in creating effective mechanisms for establishing intergenerational dialogue in the political sphere, promoting youth policy in the state and implementing public projects to reduce political polarization among age groups and strengthen the social unity of Kazakh society.

The study used a comprehensive version of methodological approaches combining qualitative and quantitative methods. During the collection of experimental data, a survey of the population from different regions of Kazakhstan aged 18 to 70 years was conducted, divided into three age groups. A focus group interviews and content analysis of discourses on social networks was conducted. The theoretical framework is based on the theory of generations and a review of the literature of domestic and foreign scientists on political culture and the pace of value change. Studied using SPSS and Excel programs for statistical data processing.

Analysis of Japanese Diplomacy Projects and Initiatives in Central Asia

2026-03-27T02:41:31+00:00

This article provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of Japan’s diplomatic strategy and specific projects in Central Asia. The author reveals the essence of Japan’s multi-vector approach to foreign policy, paying special attention to its main areas - Silk Road Diplomacy, official development assistance (ODA), and regional economic and infrastructure cooperation. This policy has strengthened Japan’s activity in Central Asia, establishing it as a third important player in the competition for influence between China and Russia. The article describes in detail the evolution and features of Japan’s bilateral relations with Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. The partnership established with each country is reflected in various areas and is implemented through specific projects in the fields of energy, transport, healthcare, and education. The author provides examples of programs implemented within the framework of Japan’s official development assistance (ODA) and analyzes their impact on the socio-economic development of the region. In addition, the article examines Japan’s policy of influence through the use of soft power tools, in particular, cultural diplomacy, education, and language exchange programs. These programs contribute to improving public opinion about Japan in the Central Asian countries and establishing long-term strategic partnerships. In general, Japan's strategic direction is aimed at ensuring peace and stability in the region, as well as establishing deep and balanced relations with Central Asia by strengthening its economic and cultural influence. The article also focuses on the institutional foundations of Japan's diplomatic activities in Central Asia. In particular, the mechanisms of cooperation in the format of the dialogue "Central Asia + Japan" and their effectiveness are analyzed. This multilateral dialogue platform is assessed as an important tool for establishing reliable partnerships with the countries of the region and jointly responding to common challenges.

Formation of a Sustainable Development Architecture at a National University: Analysis of Documents and Practices of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University

2026-04-03T06:33:05+00:00

The article examines L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University as a case of building a comprehensive sustainable development policy in a national higher‑education institution under conditions of economic modernization, energy transition and university reforms in Kazakhstan. The empirical basis consists of the university’s internal documents: a climate policy for managing greenhouse‑gas emissions across the three scopes of the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, a sustainable procurement policy aligned with national legislation and ISO 20400 and ISO 14001, an equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI) policy, a sustainability report and an action plan for its implementation. The analysis shows that these documents are explicitly linked to the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the ESG framework and international reporting and management standards, which together form a multi‑level sustainability architecture encompassing environmental, social and governance dimensions. The climate block is the most advanced in terms of quantification and institutionalization, with Scope 1-3 inventories, a long‑term net‑zero ambition and measurable targets on emissions, energy use, water, waste and paper consumption that bring the university closer to international campus‑management practice. At the same time, sustainable procurement and EDI remain more principle‑based fields where indicators, monitoring procedures and disclosure still require further development. The article concludes that the ENU case illustrates a transition from fragmented initiatives toward an integrated “sustainable university” model that connects campus operations, educational programs and research, while underlining the need to consolidate dispersed indicators into a single strategic framework and to deepen non‑financial reporting in line with global sustainability rankings so as to strengthen the university’s role as a national and regional ESG leader.

Historical Prerequisites for the Formation of Kazakh-Chinese Physical Borders: A Source Analysis

2026-03-25T11:48:41+00:00

Kazakhstan's historical development and geopolitical situation are closely intertwined with the Central Asian region and the influence of major neighboring powers, particularly China and Russia. This research focuses on the development of Kazakh-Chinese diplomatic relations beginning with the Dzungar Khanate, which led to the emergence of a physical border between the Kazakh Khanate and the Qing Dynasty. It also examines the growing political influence of the Qing court in Inner Asia, including the Qing Emperor's military campaigns against the Dzungars and invasions of Tibet. Furthermore, the emergence of imperial administrative units in the second half of the 18^th century in Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet, and the eastern regions of Central Asia is examined. The paper also discusses and highlights diplomatic treaties between the Qing and Russian empires signed in the 18th and 19th centuries, which subsequently shaped Kazakhstan's modern borders. The formation of administrative units of Qing power in eastern Turkestan in the 18th century gave rise to mistrust of the legitimacy of the borders of modern states in the region, leading to diplomatic problems. By reviewing available surviving primary sources and historiographic narratives, this work explores the complexities of 18th-century border formation, the status of sovereignty in the eyes of empires, and the origins of Kazakh-Chinese relations. This work aims to minimize problems related to the legitimacy of borders between allied states. By analyzing historical events of the 18th and 19th centuries and their contemporary consequences, the research explores how past events connect to the region's current geopolitics, demonstrating that the legitimacy of a state's modern borders is determined by its history.

The critical state and transformation of Confucius Institutes around the world

2026-03-25T10:15:05+00:00

The article examines the criticism and accusations directed at Confucius Institutes worldwide and their transformation over time. In addition to identifying the main reasons why Confucius Institutes have come under threat, the study explores the measures taken by the Chinese government to address this challenging situation. The author seeks to identify the key causes and consequences of the issue by analyzing the policies of various states toward Confucius Institutes. In this context, the transformation of China’s “soft power” policy is also examined.

The article analyzes the policy of the People’s Republic of China in the countries of Central Asia and its outcomes, and offers a number of recommendations. The study provides a detailed examination of concerns related to Confucius Institutes from the perspectives of academic freedom and national security, and evaluates the process of their reform as a rebranding effort. The author highlights institutional changes at the new stage of China’s humanitarian diplomacy, including mechanisms for shifting governance toward non-governmental structures.

Particular attention is paid to the geopolitical implications of cultural and educational projects in the Central Asian region and their impact on local public opinion. Based on this analysis, the study formulates conclusions that take into account regional specificities. The article offers informational and analytical value for specialists in international relations and Chinese studies.

Ways of noun formation in the language of the "Muqaddimat al-Adab" monument

2025-11-04T16:49:14+00:00

The article analyzes the language of the written monument "Muqaddimat al-Adab," which is a valuable heritage in the study of the history of Turkic languages. The reconstruction of linguistic history is unattainable without written archives that document the state of a language across various historical epochs. A primary challenge in this field remains the scarcity of primary sources capable of reflecting the distinctive features, character, and essence of the language at each stage of its evolution. Consequently, it is imperative to examine the formation and development of the literary language in its integral relationship with the national language, dialects, and ancient scripts.

Ancient written monuments serve as the most reliable evidence of the historical depth of a literary language; therefore, their systematic analysis remains a critical task for modern scholarship. A key objective is to determine the degree of continuity between medieval written sources and the modern language, as this facilitates tracing the trajectories of linguistic change, development, and consolidation. In this regard, research into both Old Turkic and modern Turkic languages, including Kazakh, is of paramount importance.